Table 4

Independent predictors of macrovascular and pooled microvascular complications in multivariate analyses including insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function

MacrovascularMicrovascular
Gender
(male vs female)
2.15 (1.26 to 3.68)
p=0.005
0.81 (0.50 to 1.32)
p=0.399
Age
(per year)
1.07 (1.04 to 1.10)
p<0.001
1.01 (0.99 to 1.03)
p=0.497
BMI
(per 1 unit)
0.94 (0.89 to 0.99)
p=0.012
1.04 (1.00 to 1.09)
p=0.070
Smoking
(past/current vs never)
2.38 (1.52 to 3.73)
p<0.001
1.70 (1.10 to 2.62)
p=0.016
HbA1c
(per log unit)
1.17 (0.28 to 4.79)
p=0.830
2.17 (0.53 to 8.79)
p=0.284
Hypertension
(yes vs no)
2.93 (1.57 to 5.48)
p=0.001
1.50 (0.90 to 2.46)
p=0.121
Hypercholesterolemia
(yes vs no)
1.17 (0.40 to 3.48)
p=0.775
0.96 (0.36 to 2.54)
p=0.927
Insulin sensitivity
(per log unit)
0.70 (0.50 to 0.99)
p=0.043
1.01 (0.69 to 1.46)
p=0.974
Beta-cell function (derivative control)
(per log unit)
0.92 (0.86 to 0.99)
p=0.023
1.03 (0.95 to 1.11)
p=0.474
  • Macrovascular=prior CVD and/or ischemic ECG and/or carotid stenosis and/or lower limb stenosis. Microvascular=CKD and/or microalbuminuria-macroalbuminuria and/or DR and/or DSPN and/or CAN. ORs and 95% CIs are reported. Significant p values are in bold.

  • BMI, body mass index; CAN, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.