Comparison of maternal and neonatal outcomes in NGT and GDM women among women selected and matched according to the propensity score†
| Non-matched | Propensity score-matched* | |||||
| NGT | GDM | P value | NGT | GDM | P value | |
| (n=1800) | (n=1465) | (n=1054) | (n=1054) | |||
| Maternal outcomes | ||||||
| Deliveries <37 weeks | 111 (6.1%) | 105 (7.2%) | 0.22 | 64 (6.1%) | 64 (6.1%) | 1.00 |
| Cervical laceration | 74 (4.1%) | 47 (3.2%) | 0.20 | 40 (3.8%) | 34 (3.2%) | 0.48 |
| Pre-eclampsia | 27 (1.5%) | 28 (1.9%) | 0.34 | 18 (1.7%) | 18 (1.7%) | 1 |
| Uterine scar after cesarean section or trauma | 78 (4.3%) | 13 (0.9%) | <0.01 | 60 (5.7%) | 11 (1.0%) | <0.01 |
| Premature rupture of membrane | 311 (17.2%) | 218 (15.0%) | 0.09 | 152 (14.4%) | 146 (13.9%) | 0.71 |
| Placental abruption | 10 (0.6%) | 4 (0.3%) | 0.23 | 3 (0.3%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0.32 |
| Polyhydramnios | 50 (3.7%) | 25 (1.8%) | <0.01 | 35 (4.4%) | 15 (1.4%) | <0.01 |
| Oligohydramnios | 141 (10.3%) | 142 (9.9%) | 0.77 | 85 (10.5%) | 108 (10.4%) | 0.92 |
| Amniotic fluid turbidity | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| Clear | 1070 (59.1%) | 1199 (82.4%) | 625 (59.3%) | 858 (81.4%) | ||
| Grade I | 115 (6.4%) | 76 (5.2%) | 64 (6.1%) | 59 (5.6%) | ||
| Grade II | 117 (6.5%) | 72 (4.9%) | 70 (6.6%) | 59 (5.6%) | ||
| Grade III | 98 (5.4%) | 69 (4.7%) | 57 (5.4%) | 54 (5.1%) | ||
| Bloody amniotic fluid | 13 (0.7%) | 8 (0.5%) | 6 (0.6%) | 6 (0.6%) | ||
| Missing data | 397 (21.9%) | 31 (2.1%) | 232 (22.0%) | 18 (1.7%) | ||
| Perineal injury | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| No injury | 976 (53.9%) | 818 (56.2%) | 602 (57.1%) | 586 (55.6%) | ||
| Grade I | 314 (17.3%) | 375 (25.8%) | 182 (17.3%) | 264 (25.0%) | ||
| Grade II | 104 (5.7%) | 53 (3.6%) | 47 (4.5%) | 40 (3.8%) | ||
| Grade III | 334 (18.5%) | 156 (10.7%) | 175 (16.6%) | 126 (12.0%) | ||
| Grade IV | 17 (0.9%) | 32 (2.2%) | 6 (0.6%) | 24 (2.3%) | ||
| Missing data | 65 (3.6%) | 21 (1.4%) | 42 (4.0%) | 14 (1.3%) | ||
| Episiotomy | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| No | 1703 (94.1%) | 1439 (98.9%) | 994 (94.3%) | 1042 (98.9%) | ||
| Lateral | 95 (5.2%) | 10 (0.7%) | 53 (5.0%) | 8 (0.8%) | ||
| Straight | 9 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Others | 3 (0.2%) | 6 (0.4%) | 2 (0.2%) | 4 (0.4%) | ||
| Neonatal outcomes | ||||||
| Apgar 1', mean (SD) | 8.9 (0.7) | 8.9 (0.5) | 0.03 | 8.9 (0.7) | 8.9 (0.5) | 0.10 |
| Apgar 5', mean (SD) | 9.9 (0.7) | 9.9 (0.4) | 0.10 | 9.9 (0.7) | 10.0 (0.3) | 0.03 |
| Apgar 10', mean (SD) | 9.9 (0.6) | 10.0 (0.3) | 0.09 | 9.9 (0.7) | 10.0 (0.2) | 0.04 |
| NICU admission | 889 (49.1%) | 291 (20.0%) | <0.01 | 506 (48.0%) | 208 (19.7%) | <0.01 |
| NICU admission days, mean (SD) | 1.9 (4.4) | 1.4 (4.5) | <0.01 | 1.9 (4.5) | 1.3 (4.2) | <0.01 |
| Fetal distress | 237 (13.1%) | 93 (6.4%) | <0.01 | 126 (12.0%) | 68 (6.5%) | <0.01 |
| Umbilical cord around the neck | 171 (9.4%) | 22 (1.5%) | <0.01 | 95 (9.0%) | 15 (1.4%) | <0.01 |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | 86 (4.8%) | 71 (4.9%) | 0.86 | 49 (4.6%) | 50 (4.7%) | 0.92 |
| Caput succedaneum | 68 (3.8%) | 27 (1.9%) | <0.01 | 32 (3.0%) | 22 (2.1%) | 0.17 |
| Neonatal anemia | 104 (5.7%) | 71 (4.9%) | 0.27 | 53 (5.0%) | 57 (5.4%) | 0.7 |
| Neonatal infection | 204 (11.3%) | 159 (10.9%) | 0.76 | 119 (11.3%) | 119 (11.3%) | 1 |
| Neonatal encephalopathy | 15 (0.8%) | 3 (0.2%) | 0.02 | 10 (0.9%) | 3 (0.3%) | 0.05 |
| Hypocalcemia | 72 (4.0%) | 55 (3.8%) | 0.77 | 43 (4.1%) | 37 (3.5%) | 0.49 |
| Pulmonary pathologies | 21 (1.2%) | 23 (1.6%) | 0.30 | 7 (0.7%) | 18 (1.7%) | 0.03 |
| Cardiac damage | 159 (8.8%) | 96 (6.6%) | 0.02 | 89 (8.4%) | 64 (6.1%) | 0.04 |
| Patent foramen ovale | 67 (3.7%) | 89 (6.1%) | <0.01 | 36 (3.4%) | 59 (5.6%) | 0.02 |
| Hypokalemia | 17 (0.9%) | 11 (0.8%) | 0.57 | 11 (1.0%) | 10 (0.9%) | 0.82 |
| Prematurity | 65 (3.6%) | 50 (3.4%) | 0.80 | 32 (3.0%) | 32 (3.0%) | 0.99 |
| Macrosomia | 8 (0.4%) | 18 (1.2%) | 0.01 | 3 (0.3%) | 10 (0.9%) | 0.05 |
| Small-for-date infant | 15 (0.8%) | 10 (0.7%) | 0.64 | 10 (1.0%) | 8 (0.8%) | 0.63 |
| Cephalohematoma | 22 (1.2%) | 16 (1.1%) | 0.76 | 11 (1.0%) | 11 (1.0%) | 1 |
| High-risk infants | 16 (0.9%) | 5 (0.3%) | 0.05 | 11 (1.0%) | 2 (0.2%) | 0.01 |
| Metabolic acidosis | 22 (1.2%) | 16 (1.1%) | 0.76 | 11 (1.0%) | 11 (1.0%) | 1 |
*P<0.01.
†Propensity score matched for maternal age, gestational weight and gestational age at delivery, and duration of pregnancy.
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.