Comparisons of M2BPGi in various groups
| M2BPGi | P value | |
| Sex (male/female) | 0.74 (0.56–0.99)/0.83 (0.59–1.12) | 0.049 |
| Smoking (non-/current-smoker) | 0.78 (0.58–1.08)/0.69 (0.55–0.94) | 0.078 |
| Exercise habit (no/yes) | 0.82 (0.57–1.07)/0.74 (0.56–1.00) | 0.157 |
| Habit of drinking alcohol (no/yes) | 0.78 (0.57–1.06)/0.68 (0.52–0.96) | 0.076 |
| RAAS inhibitor usage (no/yes) | 0.75 (0.55–1.07)/0.78 (0.62–1.01) | 0.601 |
| Statins (no/yes) | 0.77 (0.57–1.07)/0.78 (0.57–0.99) | 0.712 |
| Insulin treatment (no/yes) | 0.75 (0.56–1.00)/0.89 (0.62–1.23) | 0.015 |
| Nephropathy (normo/micro/macroalbuminuria) | 0.71 (0.54–0.92)/0.83 (0.61–1.18)*/0.88 (0.67–1.22)* | <0.001 |
| Retinopathy (NoDR/NPDR/PDR) | 0.73 (0.56–0.99)/0.93 (0.68–1.28)†/0.95 (0.71–1.31)† | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease (no/yes) | 0.73 (0.54–0.99)/0.88 (0.64–1.23) | <0.001 |
| History of cardiovascular disease (no/yes) | 0.76 (0.55–1.03)/0.82 (0.65–1.22) | 0.019 |
Differences among the groups were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis test.
*p <0.05 vs. normoalbuminuria by the Steel Dwass test.
†p < 0.05 vs. NDR by the Steel Dwass test.
M2BPGi, Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer; NoDR, no diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.