Subject characteristics
| CON (n=13, 5♀8♂) | DNU (n=10, 5♀5♂) | DFU (n=13, 5♀8♂) | P value (one-way ANOVA) | |
| Age (year) | 60.8±10.9 | 68.2±8.1 | 59.8±9.7 | 0.11 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0±3.3 | 29.1±7.0 | 31.7±5.5* | 0.03 |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 125±12 | 124±14 | 134±15 | 0.13 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 72.0±6 | 70±10 | 75±7 | 0.32 |
| Mean arterial pressure | 90±8 | 88±10 | 95±8 | 0.17 |
| Resting heart rate (beats per minute) | 60±8 | 74±13† | 73±10† | <0.01 |
| Body temperature (°C) | 36.5±0.3 | 37.1±0.4† | 36.9±0.5* | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) | NA | 7.9±1.3 | 8.4±2.1 | 0.54 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | (63.0±14.2) | (68.3±23.1) | 0.54 | |
| Type of diabetes | ||||
| DM type 1 | – | 1 | 3 | |
| DM type 2 | – | 9 | 10 | |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | – | 18.4±8.2 | 23.6±11.2 | |
| Other medical condition/risk factors | ||||
| Hypertension | 1 | 2 | 9 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 0 | 5 | 8 | |
| History of cardiovascular diseases | 0 | 1 | 3 | |
| History of cerebrovascular diseases | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Current smoker; ex-smoker | 0; 2 | 0; 5 | 0; 5 | |
| Medication | ||||
| Insulin injection | 0 | 4 | 7 | |
| Non-insulin antidiabetic injection | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
| Oral antidiabetic | 0 | 5 | 6 | |
| Antihypertension | 1 | 2 | 9 | |
| Antihypercholesterolemia | 0 | 5 | 8 |
Data are presented in mean±SD.
*Significantly different from control group at p<0.05.
†Significantly different from control group at p<0.01.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; BMI, body mass index; CON, control; DFU, diabetic foot ulcer; DM, diabetes mellitus; DNU, diabetic non-ulcer; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; NA, not applicable.