Table 4

Risk of type 2 diabetes incidence during a 15-year follow-up between those with and without IWL during the year prior to baseline in categories of effect modifying factors

VariableNumber of individualsHR*95% CIP for interaction
No IWL (ref.)IWL
CasesAt riskCasesAt risk
Sociodemographic factors
 Sex0.38
  Women1381950383581.280.88 to 1.86
  Men1901762512001.601.13 to 2.27
 Age (years)0.03
  30–491082140433621.951.35 to 2.81
  50–692201572461961.120.78 to 1.59
 Education0.11
  Low1441148351371.701.15 to 2.51
  Intermediate1171334341891.601.07 to 2.39
  High671230202320.890.51 to 1.54
Lifestyle factors
 BMI† (kg/m2)0.54
  <2540156141431.320.47 to 3.70
  25–29.91421463302411.360.90 to 2.05
  ≥30146688551741.791.28 to 2.49
 Physical activity0.22
  Low102905211131.941.20 to 3.16
  Moderate1832080493231.200.85 to 1.69
  Regular vigorous training43727191221.720.97 to 3.06
 Alcohol consumption0.05
  No84904271441.571.00 to 2.47
  Moderate1662211453201.711.22 to 2.41
  Heavy7859717940.740.39 to 1.41
 Smoking0.35
  Never1361885362541.761.20 to 2.59
  Former smoker79729311431.130.70 to 1.84
  Current smoker1131098221611.390.87 to 2.21
 Energy intake quintiles (kcal/day)0.09
  First (lowest)71723271222.001.26 to 3.16
  Second–fifth2572989624361.250.92 to 1.70
 AHEI quintiles0.03
  First (lowest)5171214682.761.51 to 5.04
  Second–fifth2773000754901.270.95 to 1.68
 Sleep duration (hours)0.37
  ≤65751017771.821.05 to 3.15
  7–82352815624241.280.93 to 1.75
  ≥93638710571.960.96 to 3.99
Metabolic factors
 MetS (IDF definition)‡0.46
  No812404193042.201.33 to 3.64
  Yes2471308702541.771.35 to 2.32
  • *Total model: sex, age, education, BMI, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, energy intake, AHEI, sleep duration, waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, serum HDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fasting serum glucose and interaction variable in question.

  • †Not adjusted for waist circumference.

  • ‡Not adjusted for BMI, waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, serum HDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides or fasting serum glucose.

  • AHEI, Alternate healthy eating index; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IDF, International Diabetes Federation; IWL, intentional weight loss; MetS, metabolic syndrome; n, number of subjects in respective category.