Variable | Number of individuals | HR* | 95% CI | P for interaction | |||
No IWL (ref.) | IWL | ||||||
Cases | At risk | Cases | At risk | ||||
Sociodemographic factors | |||||||
Sex | 0.38 | ||||||
Women | 138 | 1950 | 38 | 358 | 1.28 | 0.88 to 1.86 | |
Men | 190 | 1762 | 51 | 200 | 1.60 | 1.13 to 2.27 | |
Age (years) | 0.03 | ||||||
30–49 | 108 | 2140 | 43 | 362 | 1.95 | 1.35 to 2.81 | |
50–69 | 220 | 1572 | 46 | 196 | 1.12 | 0.78 to 1.59 | |
Education | 0.11 | ||||||
Low | 144 | 1148 | 35 | 137 | 1.70 | 1.15 to 2.51 | |
Intermediate | 117 | 1334 | 34 | 189 | 1.60 | 1.07 to 2.39 | |
High | 67 | 1230 | 20 | 232 | 0.89 | 0.51 to 1.54 | |
Lifestyle factors | |||||||
BMI† (kg/m2) | 0.54 | ||||||
<25 | 40 | 1561 | 4 | 143 | 1.32 | 0.47 to 3.70 | |
25–29.9 | 142 | 1463 | 30 | 241 | 1.36 | 0.90 to 2.05 | |
≥30 | 146 | 688 | 55 | 174 | 1.79 | 1.28 to 2.49 | |
Physical activity | 0.22 | ||||||
Low | 102 | 905 | 21 | 113 | 1.94 | 1.20 to 3.16 | |
Moderate | 183 | 2080 | 49 | 323 | 1.20 | 0.85 to 1.69 | |
Regular vigorous training | 43 | 727 | 19 | 122 | 1.72 | 0.97 to 3.06 | |
Alcohol consumption | 0.05 | ||||||
No | 84 | 904 | 27 | 144 | 1.57 | 1.00 to 2.47 | |
Moderate | 166 | 2211 | 45 | 320 | 1.71 | 1.22 to 2.41 | |
Heavy | 78 | 597 | 17 | 94 | 0.74 | 0.39 to 1.41 | |
Smoking | 0.35 | ||||||
Never | 136 | 1885 | 36 | 254 | 1.76 | 1.20 to 2.59 | |
Former smoker | 79 | 729 | 31 | 143 | 1.13 | 0.70 to 1.84 | |
Current smoker | 113 | 1098 | 22 | 161 | 1.39 | 0.87 to 2.21 | |
Energy intake quintiles (kcal/day) | 0.09 | ||||||
First (lowest) | 71 | 723 | 27 | 122 | 2.00 | 1.26 to 3.16 | |
Second–fifth | 257 | 2989 | 62 | 436 | 1.25 | 0.92 to 1.70 | |
AHEI quintiles | 0.03 | ||||||
First (lowest) | 51 | 712 | 14 | 68 | 2.76 | 1.51 to 5.04 | |
Second–fifth | 277 | 3000 | 75 | 490 | 1.27 | 0.95 to 1.68 | |
Sleep duration (hours) | 0.37 | ||||||
≤6 | 57 | 510 | 17 | 77 | 1.82 | 1.05 to 3.15 | |
7–8 | 235 | 2815 | 62 | 424 | 1.28 | 0.93 to 1.75 | |
≥9 | 36 | 387 | 10 | 57 | 1.96 | 0.96 to 3.99 | |
Metabolic factors | |||||||
MetS (IDF definition)‡ | 0.46 | ||||||
No | 81 | 2404 | 19 | 304 | 2.20 | 1.33 to 3.64 | |
Yes | 247 | 1308 | 70 | 254 | 1.77 | 1.35 to 2.32 |
*Total model: sex, age, education, BMI, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, energy intake, AHEI, sleep duration, waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, serum HDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fasting serum glucose and interaction variable in question.
†Not adjusted for waist circumference.
‡Not adjusted for BMI, waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, serum HDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides or fasting serum glucose.
AHEI, Alternate healthy eating index; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IDF, International Diabetes Federation; IWL, intentional weight loss; MetS, metabolic syndrome; n, number of subjects in respective category.