Table 2

OR of Tyr and Phe for DR risk in T2D

OR95% CIP value
Univariable model
 Tyr <64 vs ≥64 (μmol/L)5.112.22 to 11.8<0.001
 Phe <64 vs ≥64 (μmol/L)6.322.30 to 17.4<0.001
Multivariable model 1
 Tyr <64 vs ≥64 (μmol/L)4.211.79 to 9.930.001
 Phe <64 vs ≥64 (μmol/L)7.342.57 to 21.0<0.001
Multivariable model 2
 Tyr <64 vs ≥64 (μmol/L)4.251.79 to 10.10.001
 Phe <64 vs ≥64 (μmol/L)6.992.45 to 19.99<0.001
Multivariable model 3
 Tyr <64 vs ≥64 (μmol/L)4.181.75 to 9.990.001
 Phe <64 vs ≥64 (μmol/L)7.182.49 to 20.7<0.001
Multivariable model 4
 Tyr <64 vs ≥64 (μmol/L)4.061.66 to 9.940.002
 Phe <64 vs ≥64 (μmol/L)7.572.53 to 22.6<0.001
Multivariable model 5
 Tyr <64 vs ≥64 (μmol/L)2.751.11 to 6.830.029
 Phe <64 vs ≥64 (μmol/L)5.831.92 to 17.70.002

  • Values are OR (95% CIs) from logistic regression analyses. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (<18.5 kg.m2, 18.5 kg.m2 24.0 kg.m2, 24.0 kg.m2–28.0 kg.m2 and >28.0 kg.m2) and duration of diabetes. Model 2 was adjusted for variables in model 1 plus systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<1.0mmol/L in male or <1.3mmol/L in female, ≥1.0mmol/L in male or ≥1.3mmol/L in female, lack), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<2.6mmol/L, ≥2.6 mmol/L, lack), glycated hemoglobin (<7%, 7%~8%, ≥8%, lack), triglyceride (<1.7mmol/L, ≥1.7mmol/L, lack). Model 3 was adjusted for variables in model 2 plus antidiabetic drugs, lipid lowering drugs and antihypertensive drugs. Model 4 was adjusted for variables in model 3 plus diabetic nephropathy. Model 5 was adjusted for variables in model 4 and Tyr or Phe respectively. The concentration of Phe was coded to 45.34 μmol/L (mean) if Phe ≥ 100.00 μmol/L. Missing values of glycated hemoglobin and lipids were presented as one category.

  • DR, diabetic retinopathy; Phe, phenylalanine; T2D, type 2 diabetes; Tyr, tyrosine.