Characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes according to DR status
| Total | DR | Non-DR | P value | |
| N | 1032 | 162 | 870 | |
| Age (years) | 57.2 (13.8) | 57.8 (10.0) | 57.1 (14.4) | 0.491 |
| Sex, male | 549 (53.2%) | 73 (45.1%) | 476 (54.7%) | 0.024 |
| Duration of DM (years) | 5 (0–10) | 13(6–20) | 4 (0–10) | <0.000 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.3 (3.9) | 25.1 (3.3) | 25.3 (3.9) | 0.371 |
| ~18.5 | 27 (2.6%) | 1 (0.6%) | 26 (3.0%) | 0.176 |
| 18.5~24.0 | 354 (34.3%) | 64 (39.5%) | 290 (33.3%) | |
| 24.0~28.0 | 430 (41.7%) | 66 (40.7%) | 364 (41.8%) | |
| 28.0~ | 221 (21.4%) | 31 (19.1%) | 190 (21.8%) | |
| Current smoking | 42 (25.9%) | 289 (33.2%) | 0.068 | |
| Current drinking | 42 (25.9%) | 248 (28.5%) | 0.502 | |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 145.6 (25.3) | 139.4 (23.6) | 0.003 | |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 83.0 (13.4) | 82.3 (13.5) | 0.551 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.42 (2.35) | 9.63 (2.38) | 0.409 | |
| ~7 | 15 (9.3%) | 62 (7.1%) | 0.582 | |
| 7~8 | 16 (9.9%) | 90 (10.3%) | ||
| 8~ | 64 (39.5%) | 384 (44.1%) | ||
| Lack | 67 (41.4%) | 334 (38.4%) | ||
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.04 (0.87–1.32) | 1.01 (0.85–1.25) | 0.254 | |
| <1.00 in men or <1.30 in women | 36 (22.2%) | 211 (24.3%) | <0.000 | |
| ≥1.00 in men or ≥1.30 in women | 58 (35.8%) | 436 (50.1%) | ||
| Lack | 68 (42.0%) | 223 (25.6%) | ||
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.83 (2.27–3.38) | 2.78 (2.20–3.39) | 0.583 | |
| <2.60 | 38 (23.5%) | 269 (30.9%) | 0.000 | |
| ≥2.60 | 56 (34.6%) | 378 (43.5%) | ||
| Lack | 68 (42.0%) | 223 (25.6%) | ||
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.72 (1.13–2.48) | 1.66 (1.11–2.37) | 0.544 | |
| <1.70 | 46 (28.4%) | 337 (38.7%) | <0.000 | |
| ≥1.70 | 48 (29.6%) | 313 (36.0%) | ||
| Lack | 68 (42.0%) | 220 (25.3%) | ||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 109.7 (48.4) | 112.9 (51.6) | 0.495 | |
| ~60 | 14 (9.7%) | 101 (13.7%) | 0.125 | |
| 60~90 | 40 (27.6%) | 153 (20.7%) | ||
| 90~ | 91 (62.8%) | 486 (65.7%) | ||
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 56.65 (48.77–72.49) | 60.22 (49.39–74.53) | 0.314 | |
| Antidiabetic agents | 137 (84.6%) | 730 (83.9%) | 0.907 | |
| Insulin | 132 (81.5%) | 640 (73.6%) | 0.038 | |
| Metformin | 51 (31.5%) | 307 (35.3%) | 0.370 | |
| Hypotensive agents | 71 (43.8%) | 342 (39.3%) | 0.281 | |
| ACEI | 23 (14.2%) | 112 (12.9%) | 0.614 | |
| ARB | 26 (16.1%) | 108 (12.4%) | 0.205 | |
| β-blockers | 8 (4.9%) | 85 (9.8%) | 0.052 | |
| Lipid-lowering agents | 63 (38.9%) | 325 (37.4%) | 0.712 | |
| Statins | 60 (37.0%) | 310 (35.6%) | 0.732 | |
| Other lipid-lowering agents | 4 (2.5%) | 19 (2.2%) | 0.773 | |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 188 (18.2%) | 64 (39.5%) | 124 (14.3%) | <0.000 |
| Coronary heart disease | 210 (20.3%) | 23 (14.2%) | 187 (21.5%) | 0.034 |
| Stroke | 199 (19.3%) | 17 (10.5%) | 182 (20.9%) | 0.002 |
| Tyrosine (μmol/L) | 45.78 (36.70–56.27) | 41.51 (12.42) | 49.54 (17.38) | <0.000 |
| <64 | 883 (85.6%) | 156 (96.3%) | 727 (83.6%) | <0.000 |
| ≥64 | 149 (14.4%) | 6 (3.7%) | 143 (16.4%) | |
| Phenylalanine (μmol/L) | 45.34 (37.13–54.46) | 40.97 (10.21) | 48.34 (14.27) | <0.000 |
| <64 | 908 (88.0%) | 158 (97.5%) | 750 (86.2%) | <0.000 |
| ≥64 | 124 (12.0%) | 4 (2.5%) | 120 (13.8%) |
Data are mean (SD), median (IQR), or n (%).
P value was acquired by comparing DR and non-DR; p values were derived from independent-samples Student t-test for normally distributed variables, Mann-Whitney U test for skewed distributions, and χ2 test (or Fisher test, if appropriate) for categorical variables.
There were 401 (38.9%), 291 (28.2%), 291 (28.2%), and 288 (27.9%) missing values in HbA1c, HDL-C, LDL-C and triglyceride, respectively.
ACEI, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; DR, diabetic retinopathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure.