ORs of postpartum diabetes according to different levels of GDM, BMI, HOMA-%β and HOMA-IR
| Non-GDM | GDM | |||||
| BMI<24 | BMI 24.0–27.9 | BMI≥28 | BMI<24 | BMI 24.0–27.9 | BMI≥28 | |
| HOMA-%β | ||||||
| ≥74.7 | 1 | 1.44 (0.23 to 9.17) | 7.22 (1.48 to 35.2) | 0.78 (0.07 to 9.24) | 8.53 (1.71 to 42.7) | 27.5 (5.64 to 134) |
| <74.7 | 0.78 (0.08 to 7.74) | –* | –* | 9.45 (2.63 to 44.0) | 45.6 (9.40 to 221) | 172 (34.1 to 869) |
| HOMA-IR | ||||||
| <2.79 | 1 | –* | –* | 8.19 (1.37 to 48.8) | 38.8 (6.68 to 226) | 65.6 (10.6 to 407) |
| ≥2.79 | 5.56 (0.74 to 41.8) | 5.52 (0.69 to 44.2) | 18.3 (3.06 to 109) | 114 (16.9 to 772) | 60.1 (9.69 to 373) | 151 (25.6 to 898) |
All analyses adjusted for age, education, family income, family history of diabetes, current smoking, passive smoking, current alcohol drinking, leisure-time physical activity, sleeping time, energy consumption, fiber, fat, protein and carbohydrate consumption, sweetened beverage drinking, weight gain during pregnancy, lactation duration, lactation intensity, and postpartum time. All p values for interaction are >0.1.
*No incident cases were found.
BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HOMA-%β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell secretory function; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance.