ORs of postpartum diabetes among women according to the different status of HOMA-%β and HOMA-IR
| Participants (n) | Cases (n) | ORs (95% CIs) | ||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
| HOMA-%β (quartiles) | ||||
| ≥146.3 | 381 | 9 | 1 | 1 |
| 103.6–146.2 | 400 | 12 | 1.28 (0.53 to 3.07) | 1.46 (0.59 to 3.66) |
| 74.7–103.5 | 443 | 15 | 1.45 (0.63 to 3.36) | 2.15 (0.89 to 5.22) |
| <74.7 | 744 | 57 | 3.44 (1.68 to 7.04) | 6.25 (2.86 to 13.7) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| HOMA-IR (quartiles) | ||||
| <1.44 | 716 | 9 | 1 | 1 |
| 1.44–2.02 | 443 | 11 | 2.03 (0.84 to 4.95) | 2.11 (0.83 to 5.35) |
| 2.03–2.78 | 384 | 23 | 5.08 (2.32 to 11.1) | 5.49 (2.35 to 12.9) |
| ≥2.79 | 425 | 50 | 10.8 (5.22 to 22.2) | 9.36 (4.08 to 21.5) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Model 1 adjusted for age; model 2 adjusted for age, education, family income, family history of diabetes, current smoking, passive smoking, current alcohol drinking, leisure-time physical activity, sleeping time, energy consumption, fiber, fat, protein and carbohydrate consumption, sweetened beverage drinking, weight gain during pregnancy, postpartum time, lactation duration, lactation intensity, gestational diabetes status, and body mass index. HOMA-IR and HOMA-%β are divided by quartile among women without gestational diabetes mellitus.
HOMA-%β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell secretory function; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance.