Physical performance measures according to the gender-specific quartiles of grip strength in elderly patients with a lower grip strength (less than the median), <33.9 kg for males and <19.9 kg for females
| Grip strength (kg) (range) (mean±SD) | Males | Females | ||||||||
| q1 | q2 | q3 | q4 | P value | q1 | q2 | q3 | q4 | P value | |
| ≤25.7 | 25.8–29.3 | 29.4–31.7 | 31.8–33.8 | ≤14.3 | 14.4–16.4 | 16.5–18.6 | 18.7–19.8 | |||
| 21.8±3.2 | 27.6±1.0 | 30.5±0.6 | 32.9±0.6 | 11.7±2.2 | 15.6±0.6 | 17.3±0.6 | 19.3±0.3 | |||
| N | 73 | 74 | 75 | 78 | 39 | 38 | 42 | 43 | ||
| Age (years) | 77.6±6.4 | 74.2±6.3 | 72.1±6.7 | 68.6±5.9 | <0.001 | 79.1±6.9 | 75.4±6.7 | 75.7±6.2 | 73.5±6.8 | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2±3.2 | 24.8±3.3 | 24.7±3.0 | 25.2±3.3 | NS | 24.7±3.7 | 25.2±5.9 | 24.6±3.3 | 25.5±4.3 | NS |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 4.24±0.31 | 4.36±0.31 | 4.39±0.26 | 4.47±0.28 | <0.001 | 4.28±0.27 | 4.37±0.24 | 4.44±0.22 | 4.40±0.20 | <0.05 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.27±0.28 | 1.39±0.26 | 1.43±0.23 | 1.47±0.23 | <0.001 | 1.20±0.32 | 1.23±0.27 | 1.31±0.29 | 1.34±0.29 | NS |
| Five sit-to-stand time (s) | 10.40±3.08 | 9.47±2.46 | 8.65±2.60 | 8.50±1.62 | <0.001 | 11.12±3.06 | 10.05±2.63 | 9.28±2.21 | 9.23±2.68 | <0.05 |
| Knee extension strength (N) | 206.2±90.6 | 239.6±104.0 | 288.9±85.6 | 319.5±90.3 | <0.001 | 139.4±66.8 | 139.4±52.2 | 167.2±49.8 | 178.4±60.4 | 0.06 |
| Balance score | 3.50±0.92 | 3.77±0.56 | 3.87±0.40 | 3.99±0.12 | <0.001 | 3.75±0.53 | 3.46±0.92 | 3.64±0.78 | 3.88±0.41 | NS |
| Walking score | 3.79±0.50 | 3.95±0.28 | 4.00±0.00 | 4.00±0.00 | <0.001 | 3.63±0.82 | 3.89±0.42 | 3.88±0.42 | 3.91±0.29 | NS |
| Five sit-to-stand score | 3.48±0.83 | 3.74±0.57 | 3.81±0.56 | 3.94±0.24 | <0.001 | 3.29±0.91 | 3.71±0.66 | 3.76±0.50 | 3.71±0.68 | 0.05 |
| SPPB score | 10.77±1.76 | 11.47±1.00 | 11.68±0.75 | 11.93±0.27 | <0.001 | 10.67±1.69 | 11.07±1.51 | 11.27±1.23 | 11.50±1.11 | NS |
| SPPB full score (%) | 50.0 | 71.0 | 81.1 | 92.5 | <0.001 | 45.8 | 64.3 | 63.6 | 76.5 | NS |
| A low physical performance (%)* | 34.6 | 17.7 | 9.4 | 3.0 | <0.001 | 50.0 | 28.6 | 30.3 | 17.6 | 0.07 |
*A low physical performance was defined by AWGS criteria with at least one of the following: gait speed <1.0 m/s, five sit-to-stand time ≥12 s, and SPPB score ≤9.
AWGS, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia; BMI, body mass index; NS, not significant; SPPB, short performance physical battery.