Participant characteristics by food security status
| All | Food secure | Food insecure | P value* | |
| n | 208 | 180 | 28 | |
| Study arm, n (%) | 1.00 | |||
| Lifestyle intervention | 142 (68.3) | 123 (68.3) | 19 (67.9) | |
| Medical nutrition therapy | 66 (31.7) | 57 (31.7) | 9 (32.1) | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 61.7 (10.2) | 62.3 (9.9) | 58.0 (11.5) | 0.072 |
| Female, n (%) | 115 (55.3) | 93 (51.7) | 22 (78.6) | 0.008 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 160 (76.9) | 148 (82.2) | 12 (42.9) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 9 (4.3) | 9 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 28 (13.5) | 14 (7.8) | 14 (50.0) | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 7 (3.4) | 5 (2.8) | 2 (7.1) | |
| Other | 4 (1.9) | 4 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.0001 | |||
| Less than high school diploma | 17 (8.2) | 10 (5.6) | 7 (25.0) | |
| High school diploma or GED | 43 (20.7) | 39 (21.7) | 4 (14.3) | |
| 1–3 years of college | 60 (28.8) | 47 (26.1) | 13 (46.4) | |
| 4 or more years of college or graduate school | 88 (42.3) | 84 (46.7) | 4 (14.3) | |
| Annual income, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| <$30 000 | 48 (23.1) | 30 (16.7) | 18 (64.3) | |
| $30 000–$50 000 | 21 (10.1) | 19 (10.6) | 2 (7.1) | |
| $50 000–$100 000 | 68 (32.7) | 65 (36.1) | 3 (10.7) | |
| ≥$100 000 | 62 (29.8) | 60 (33.3) | 2 (7.1) | |
| Did not report | 9 (4.3) | 6 (3.3) | 3 (10.7) | |
| Insurance, n (%) | 0.001 | |||
| Commercial | 88 (42.3) | 80 (44.4) | 8 (28.6) | |
| Medicaid | 29 (13.9) | 25 (13.9) | 4 (14.3) | |
| Medicare | 59 (28.4) | 55 (30.6) | 4 (14.3) | |
| Medicare and Medicaid (‘dual eligible’) | 26 (12.5) | 16 (8.9) | 10 (35.7) | |
| Self-pay | 6 (2.9) | 4 (2.2) | 2 (7.1) | |
| Spanish language, n (%) | 17 (8.2) | 9 (5.0) | 8 (28.6) | 0.0004 |
| Baseline hemoglobin A1c NGSP %, mean (SD) | 7.7 (1.2) | 7.7 (1.2) | 8.0 (1.2) | 0.25 |
| mmol/mol, mean (SD) | 61.1 (12.8) | 60.6 (12.7) | 63.7 (13.2) | |
| Baseline body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 35.0 (5.4) | 35.0 (5.5) | 35.3 (4.7) | 0.75 |
| Baseline weight, kg, mean (SD) | 98.1 (18.9) | 98.9 (19.2) | 93.4 (16.1) | 0.11 |
| Baseline use of any glucose-lowering medication | 191 (91.8) | 163 (90.6) | 28 (100) | 0.14 |
| Baseline use of metformin | 166 (79.8) | 141 (78.3) | 25 (89.3) | 0.21 |
| Baseline use of insulin | 69 (33.2) | 53 (29.4) | 16 (57.1) | 0.005 |
| Baseline use of GLP-1 RA | 14 (6.7) | 13 (7.2) | 1 (3.6) | 0.70 |
| Baseline use of sulfonylurea | 65 (31.3) | 58 (32.2) | 7 (25.0) | 0.52 |
| Baseline use of thiazolidinedione | 2 (1.0) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 |
| Baseline use of DPP-4 | 9 (4.3) | 8 (4.4) | 1 (3.6) | 1.00 |
| Baseline use of SGLT2 | 6 (2.9) | 4 (2.2) | 2 (7.1) | 0.19 |
*P value from two-sample t-tests for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables.
DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; GED, General Education Development certificate; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program; SGLT2, sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.