The association between FBG variability and lower-extremity PAD
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| FBG variability as continuous variable | ||||||
| Per 1 SD increase* | 1.016 (1.01 to 1.021) | <0.0001 | 1.013 (1.007 to 1.019) | <0.0001 | 1.007 (1.001 to 1.013) | 0.028 |
| Per 1 CV increase† | 1.068 (1.051 to 1.08) | <0.0001 | 1.03 (1.016 to 1.043) | <0.0001 | 1.015 (1.001 to 1.03) | 0.022 |
| VIM | 1.039 (1.011 to 1.06) | 0.006 | 1.037 (1.01 to 1.066) | 0.007 | 1.032 (1.004 to 1.06) | 0.023 |
| ARV | 1.007 (1.004 to 1.01) | <0.0001 | 1.007 (1.003 to 1.01) | <0.0001 | 1.016 (1.002 to 1.03) | 0.027 |
| FBG variability as categorical variable | ||||||
| SD | ||||||
| Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ref |
| Q2 | 1.194 (0.918 to 1.552) | 0.186 | 1.189 (0.914 to 1.546) | 0.196 | 1.183 (0.909 to 1.538) | 0.211 |
| Q3 | 1.097 (0.84 to 1.432) | 0.497 | 1.088 (0.833 to 1.42) | 0.536 | 1.062 (0.813 to 1.387) | 0.657 |
| Q4 | 1.709 (1.334 to 2.19) | <0.0001 | 1.625 (1.265 to 2.087) | <0.0001 | 1.441 (1.118 to 1.857) | 0.005 |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.013 | |||
| CV | ||||||
| Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ref |
| Q2 | 1.351 (1.041 to 1.753) | 0.024 | 1.353 (1.043 to 1.757) | 0.023 | 1.331 (1.025 to 1.728) | 0.032 |
| Q3 | 1.153 (0.881 to 1.51) | 0.3 | 1.142 (0.872 to 1.497) | 0.333 | 1.119 (0.854 to 1.466) | 0.416 |
| Q4 | 1.746 (1.357 to 2.24) | <0.0001 | 1.682 (1.305 to 2.168) | <0.0001 | 1.499 (1.16 to 1.938) | 0.002 |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | 0.001 | 0.011 | |||
| VIM | ||||||
| Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ref |
| Q2 | 1.309 (1.014 to 1.69) | 0.039 | 1.291 (1.0 to 1.667) | 0.05 | 1.268 (0.982 to 1.638) | 0.069 |
| Q3 | 1.27 (0.982 to 1.643) | 0.069 | 1.27 (0.99 to 1.656) | 0.06 | 1.261 (0.974 to 1.632) | 0.078 |
| Q4 | 1.361 (1.051 to 1.762) | 0.019 | 1.361 (1.059 to 1.778) | 0.017 | 1.322 (1.02 to 1.714) | 0.035 |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | 0.003 | 0.01 | |||
| ARV | ||||||
| Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ref |
| Q2 | 1.049 (0.802 to 1.373) | 0.728 | 1.027 (1.043 to 1.757) | 0.845 | 1.009 (0.771 to 1.321) | 0.948 |
| Q3 | 1.333 (1.036 to 1.715) | 0.025 | 1.325 (0.872 to 1.497) | 0.029 | 1.298 (1.008 to 1.672) | 0.043 |
| Q4 | 1.665 (1.299 to 2.136) | <0.0001 | 1.493 (1.305 to 2.168) | 0.002 | 1.419 (1.097 to 1.835) | 0.008 |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.003 | |||
Model 1 adjusted for age, race, gender, smoking and drinking status, education level.
Model 2 further adjusted for BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, baseline FBG and eGFR.
Model 3 further adjusted for prevalent CHD, stroke and HT, and medication use.
*One unit increase in SD corresponds to 0.7% increment of PAD risk.
†One unit increase in CV corresponds to 1.5% increment of PAD risk.
ARV, average real variability; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; CV, coefficient of variation; DBP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HT, hypertension; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PAD, peripheral artery disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VIM, variability independent of the mean.