Associations between metabolites and incident diabetes, adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, height, and parental history of diabetes
| Acylcarnitines | HR (95% CI)* | P value | P value† | Amino acids | HR (95% CI) | P value | P value† |
| C2 | 1.041 (0.932 to 1.162) | 0.478 | 0.603 | Alanine | 1.377 (1.236 to 1.534) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| C3 | 1.050 (0.941 to 1.171) | 0.384 | 0.557 | Arginine | 0.888 (0.791 to 0.996) | 0.043 | 0.1 |
| C4 | 1.146 (1.037 to 1.265) | 0.007 | 0.027 | Citrulline | 0.909 (0.808 to 1.022) | 0.111 | 0.195 |
| C4-DC | 1.112 (0.995 to 1.242) | 0.061 | 0.126 | Glutamate/glutamine | 1.421 (1.281 to 1.576) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| C5:1 | 1.093 (0.980 to 1.218) | 0.111 | 0.195 | Glycine | 0.710 (0.621 to 0.810) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| C5-DC | 1.072 (0.966 to 1.190) | 0.192 | 0.318 | Histidine | 0.937 (0.836 to 1.050) | 0.142 | 0.242 |
| C5-OH/C3-DC | 1.021 (0.914 to 1.140) | 0.712 | 0.753 | Isoleucine/leucine | 1.507 (1.349 to 1.683) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| C6 | 1.042 (0.936 to 1.160) | 0.452 | 0.601 | Methionine | 1.076 (0.958 to 1.207) | 0.216 | 0.348 |
| C7-DC | 0.872 (0.777 to 0.979) | 0.021 | 0.061 | Ornithine | 1.196 (1.071 to 1.336) | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| C8 | 0.860 (0.755 to 0.980) | 0.024 | 0.063 | Phenylalanine | 1.268 (1.142 to 1.407) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| C8:1 | 1.124 (1.020 to 1.240) | 0.019 | 0.058 | Proline | 1.181 (1.059 to 1.317) | 0.003 | 0.013 |
| C8-DC | 0.853 (0.754 to 0.966) | 0.012 | 0.044 | Serine | 0.837 (0.742 to 0.944) | 0.004 | 0.017 |
| C8-OH/C6-DC | 0.869 (0.769 to 0.980) | 0.023 | 0.063 | Tyrosine | 1.338 (1.208 to 1.483) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| C10 | 0.848 (0.742 to 0.969) | 0.016 | 0.055 | Valine | 1.419 (1.275 to 1.579) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| C10:1 | 0.875 (0.773 to 0.990) | 0.035 | 0.088 | Aromatic | 1.200 (1.082 to 1.332) | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| C10:2 | 0.984 (0.879 to 1.102) | 0.78 | 0.796 | Branched-chain | 1.477 (1.325 to 1.647) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| C10:3 | 1.099 (0.998 to 1.209) | 0.056 | 0.12 | Fischer ratio | 1.028 (0.917 to 1.153) | 0.633 | 0.734 |
| C12 | 0.896 (0.797 to 1.008) | 0.068 | 0.136 | Alanine:glycine | 1.572 (1.426 to 1.733) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| C12:1 | 0.882 (0.784 to 0.993) | 0.037 | 0.089 | ||||
| C14 | 0.976 (0.873 to 1.092) | 0.675 | 0.751 | ||||
| C14:1 | 0.942 (0.840 to 1.056) | 0.305 | 0.466 | ||||
| C14:1-OH | 0.957 (0.854 to 1.073) | 0.455 | 0.601 | ||||
| C14:2 | 0.900 (0.801 to 1.013) | 0.08 | 0.155 | ||||
| C14-OH/C12-DC | 1.052 (0.940 to 1.176) | 0.379 | 0.557 | ||||
| C16 | 1.096 (0.986 to 1.219) | 0.091 | 0.17 | ||||
| C16:1 | 0.980 (0.877 to 1.094) | 0.714 | 0.753 | ||||
| C16:1-OH/C14:1-DC | 1.012 (0.905 to 1.130) | 0.839 | 0.839 | ||||
| C16:2 | 0.960 (0.858 to 1.074) | 0.474 | 0.603 | ||||
| C16-OH | 1.176 (1.060 to 1.304) | 0.002 | 0.01 | ||||
| C18 | 0.969 (0.866 to 1.084) | 0.582 | 0.718 | ||||
| C18:1 | 1.016 (0.910 to 1.134) | 0.782 | 0.796 | ||||
| C18:1-DC | 1.023 (0.916 to 1.142) | 0.686 | 0.751 | ||||
| C18:2 | 1.029 (0.922 to 1.149) | 0.606 | 0.72 | ||||
| C18:2-OH | 0.957 (0.852 to 1.075) | 0.456 | 0.601 | ||||
| C18-DC/C20-OH | 1.025 (0.918 to 1.144) | 0.665 | 0.751 | ||||
| C20 | 0.863 (0.763 to 0.975) | 0.018 | 0.058 | ||||
| C20:4 | 1.061 (0.951 to 1.183) | 0.292 | 0.458 | ||||
| Short chain | 1.044 (0.935 to 1.166) | 0.443 | 0.601 | ||||
| Medium chain | 0.885 (0.783 to 1.000) | 0.05 | 0.112 | ||||
| Long chain | 1.029 (0.922 to 1.150) | 0.608 | 0.72 | ||||
Significant associations following multiple testing are in bold.
*As metabolite data were converted to Z-scores, HR is measured in per SD.
†Adjusted for multiple testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate.