Table 3

Associations between serum biomarkers and type 2 diabetes after adjustment for potential mediators

MetaboliteModel 1*Model 1 and systolic blood pressureModel 1 and waist circumferenceModel 1 and blood lipids†Model 1 and glycemic markers‡
HR§ (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)
C41.146
(1.037 to 1.265)		1.128
(1.021 to 1.245)		1.101
(0.996 to 1.218)		1.061
(0.957 to 1.177)		1.120
(1.006 to 1.246)
C8-DC0.853
(0.754 to 0.966)		0.824
(0.728 to 0.934)		0.888
(0.783 to 1.006)		0.852
(0.755 to 0.962)		0.911
(0.802 to 1.035)
C16-OH1.176
(1.060 to 1.304)		1.140
(1.027 to 1.265)		1.167
(1.053 to 1.294)		1.117
(1.007 to 1.238)		1.146
(1.029 to 1.277)
Alanine1.377
(1.236 to 1.534)		1.353
(1.213 to 1.509)		1.317
(1.178 to 1.472)		1.256
(1.121 to 1.408)		1.236
(1.098 to 1.392)
Glutamate/glutamine1.421
(1.281 to 1.576)		1.401
(1.261 to 1.555)		1.303
(1.171 to 1.449)		1.307
(1.173 to 1.456)		1.327
(1.187 to 1.484)
Glycine0.710
(0.621 to 0.810)		0.727
(0.637 to 0.831)		0.777
(0.680 to 0.889)		0.751
(0.657 to 0.858)		0.705
(0.613 to 0.811)
Isoleucine/leucine1.507
(1.349 to 1.683)		1.492
(1.334 to 1.669)		1.405
(1.251 to 1.577)		1.338
(1.191 to 1.503)		1.399
(1.242 to 1.577)
Ornithine1.196
(1.071 to 1.336)		1.174
(1.050 to 1.314)		1.212
(1.084 to 1.355)		1.203
(1.073 to 1.349)		1.120
(0.995 to 1.260)
Phenylalanine1.268
(1.142 to 1.407)		1.241
(1.117 to 1.379)		1.212
(1.089 to 1.349)		1.215
(1.091 to 1.354)		1.222
(1.093 to 1.365)
Proline1.181
(1.059 to 1.317)		1.168
(1.047 to 1.302)		1.146
(1.026 to 1.280)		1.120
(0.999 to 1.256)		1.090
(0.969 to 1.227)
Serine0.837
(0.742 to 0.944)		0.851
(0.755 to 0.960)		0.884
(0.782 to 0.999)		0.876
(0.776 to 0.989)		0.837
(0.737 to 0.951)
Tyrosine1.338
(1.208 to 1.483)		1.300
(1.172 to 1.443)		1.243
(1.118 to 1.381)		1.260
(1.132 to 1.403)		1.235
(1.104 to 1.381)
Valine1.419
(1.275 to 1.579)		1.392
(1.250 to 1.551)		1.309
(1.171 to 1.462)		1.290
(1.154 to 1.442)		1.281
(1.143 to 1.436)
Aromatic1.200
(1.082 to 1.332)		1.174
(1.057 to 1.303)		1.157
(1.040 to 1.288)		1.152
(1.033 to 1.285)		1.147
(1.026 to 1.282)
Branched-chain1.477
(1.325 to 1.647)		1.454
(1.302 to 1.623)		1.364
(1.217 to 1.528)		1.325
(1.182 to 1.485)		1.341
(1.193 to 1.507)
Alanine:glycine1.572
(1.426 to 1.733)		1.522
(1.378 to 1.680)		1.451
(1.306 to 1.611)		1.447
(1.302 to 1.607)		1.494
(1.340 to 1.664)

  • Values in italics represent an attenuation of at least 10% toward the null in relation to model 1 values.

  • *Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, height, and parental history of diabetes.

  • †Serum triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein.

  • ‡Fasting plasma glucose and fasting insulin.

  • §As metabolite data were converted to Z-scores, HR is measured in per SD.