Baseline clinical characteristics according to amount of green tea or coffee consumed among Japanese participants with type 2 diabetes
| Green tea consumption | Coffee consumption | |||||||
| None | ≤1 cup /d | 2–3 cups/d | ≥4 cups/d | None | <1 cup /d | 1 cup/d | ≥2 cups/d | |
| N | 607 | 1143 | 1389 | 1784 | 994 | 1306 | 963 | 1660 |
| Age (years) | 64.6±10.2 | 62.5±10.8 | 65.7±9.8 | 67.3±9.7 | 69.0±10.0 | 66.4±10.2 | 65.6±10.1 | 62.3±9.5 |
| Male sex (%) | 60.3 | 64.3 | 60.5 | 47.6 | 50.6 | 54.7 | 53.3 | 63.9 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 14.9±10.3 | 14.8±10.4 | 15.9±10.6 | 16.0±10.6 | 16.3±10.9 | 15.5±10.6 | 15.5±10.3 | 15.2±10.4 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9±3.4 | 24.1±3.8 | 23.5±3.7 | 23.7±3.9 | 23.7±3.7 | 23.9±3.8 | 23.9±4.0 | 23.6±3.6 |
| Current smoker (%) | 24.9 | 20.7 | 18.85 | 15.1 | 12.6 | 12.1 | 15.1 | 29.2 |
| Current alcohol intake (%) | 40.5 | 45.7 | 42.6 | 31.8 | 30.5 | 38.8 | 40.9 | 43.5 |
| Depressive symptoms (%) | 10.2 | 9.6 | 7.5 | 8.7 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 7.5 | 8.6 |
| LTPA (MET h/week) | 12.3±16.1 | 11.2±14.7 | 11.5±14.0 | 12.0±15.3 | 11.3±14.8 | 11.3±14.9 | 12.5±15.2 | 11.8±14.8 |
| Sleep duration (h/day) | 6.8±1.4 | 6.7±1.3 | 6.9±1.3 | 6.9±1.5 | 7.0±1.6 | 6.9±1.4 | 6.9±1.3 | 6.7±1.3 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.4±1.0 | 7.4±1.0 | 7.4±1.0 | 7.5±1.1 | 7.4±1.1 | 7.4±1.0 | 7.4±1.0 | 7.5±1.1 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 57.3±10.8 | 57.4±11.2 | 57.4±10.7 | 58.4±12.2 | 57.4±11.8 | 57.1±11.2 | 57.8±11.0 | 58.5±11.6 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 73.3±23.7 | 78.6±21.8 | 74.2±21.4 | 73.5±20.9 | 69.7±23.1 | 73.5±21.0 | 75.5±22.2 | 78.6±20.4 |
| UACR (mg/g･Cr) | 246±780 | 175±690 | 178±583 | 195±620 | 251±771 | 209±666 | 189±695 | 145±509 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.9±0.7 | 2.8±0.7 | 2.9±0.7 | 2.9±0.7 | 2.8±0.7 | 2.8±0.7 | 2.8±0.7 | 2.9±0.7 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.4±0.4 | 1.5±0.4 | 1.5±0.4 | 1.5±0.4 | 1.4±0.4 | 1.4±0.4 | 1.5±0.4 | 1.5±0.4 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130±18 | 130±17 | 130±17 | 132±17 | 131±18 | 132±17 | 131±17 | 129±16 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75±11 | 75±11 | 75±11 | 74±11 | 73±11 | 74±11 | 75±11 | 75±10 |
| History of CVD (%) | 24.2 | 22.1 | 20.7 | 21.4 | 25.7 | 22.8 | 20.9 | 18.9 |
| History of cancer (%) | 7.1 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 10.7 | 11.1 | 9.4 | 10.4 | 7.7 |
| Insulin therapy (%) | 32.8 | 27.7 | 27.0 | 29.6 | 30.4 | 24.9 | 28.7 | 31.1 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent (%) | 59.6 | 64.2 | 65.5 | 62.3 | 61.2 | 64.9 | 64.1 | 62.9 |
| Antihypertensive drugs (%) | 55.7 | 51.6 | 54.6 | 54.4 | 61.9 | 57.4 | 56.5 | 45.1 |
| Antiplatelet drugs (%) | 28.2 | 22.9 | 24.1 | 25.8 | 29.4 | 26.9 | 25.2 | 20.6 |
| Statin (%) | 43.0 | 44.4 | 41.0 | 44.7 | 43.9 | 40.8 | 48.4 | 42.3 |
| Coffee drinker (>0 cup/d, %) | 75.1 | 87.0 | 81.5 | 75.5 | – | – | – | – |
| Green tea drinker (>0 cup/d, %) | – | – | – | – | 84.8 | 89.6 | 88.5 | 87.4 |
Values are expressed as means±SD or percentages.
BMI, body mass index; Cr, creatinine; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rates; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LTPA, leisure-time physical activity; MET, metabolic equivalent; UACR, urinary albumin creatinine ratio.