Association between the subgroups of glucose regulation and HRQoL and depression scores
| Variables | NGT (n=1005) | Pre-diabetes (n=610) | Newly diagnosed diabetes (n=181) | Previously known diabetes (n=134) | P-values for between-group comparison | ||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||
| HRQoL | |||||||
| Physical functioning | 85.0 (16.8) | 82.3 (18.2) | 80.1 (17.5) | 71.4 (23.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| General health | 66.4 (18.1) | 63.8 (17.9) | 60.1 (18.5) | 51.7 (17.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Vitality | 71.8 (18.9) | 70.4 (19.2) | 70.3 (20.8) | 64.4 (20.7) | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.012 |
| Mental health | 81.9 (14.4) | 80.6 (15.0) | 81.6 (15.7) | 79.8 (17.2) | 0.086 | 0.099 | 0.160 |
| Physical role limitations | 82.6 (30.6) | 80.7 (33.0) | 78.3 (34.6) | 72.2 (36.4) | 0.001 | 0.020 | 0.459 |
| Emotional role limitations | 85.1 (28.4) | 84.2 (31.2) | 81.8 (32.3) | 75.4 (36.3) | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.073 |
| Social functioning | 90.2 (17.9) | 90.0 (16.8) | 90.3 (16.6) | 83.5 (21.1) | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Bodily pain | 78.6 (22.0) | 78.6 (22.4) | 77.9 (21.8) | 70.6 (25.7) | <0.001 | 0.012 | 0.070 |
| PCS | 49.0 (8.5) | 48.2 (8.7) | 47.0 (8.1) | 43.2 (10.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| MCS | 54.2 (8.7) | 53.9 (8.9) | 54.3 (9.0) | 52.9 (10.8) | 0.267 | 0.231 | 0.189 |
| BDI | 5.4 (4.9) | 5.9 (5.1) | 5.8 (5.9) | 7.4 (5.7) | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.015 |
Data are shown as mean (SD). Model 1 adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 adjusted for Model 1+smoking, alcohol usage, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, and leisure-time physical activity. Model 3 adjusted for Model 2+body mass index.
Pre-diabetes = impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance,
Newly diagnosed diabetes = diabetes diagnosed with the OGTT at clinical examination in 2001-2004; Previously known diabetes = diabetes diagnosed before the clinical examination in 2001–2004.
BDI, Beck’s Depression Inventory; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; MCS, Mental Component Score; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; PCS, Physical Component Score.