Clinical characteristics of the study participants
| Total (n=47 269) | By sex stratification | P value | ||
| Male (n=27 110) | Female (n=20 159) | |||
| Age, years | 54.29±11.60 | 52.76±11.58 | 56.35±11.29 | <0.001 |
| High school education and above | 17 661 (43.0) | 12 301 (51.5) | 5360 (31.2) | <0.001 |
| Han Chinese ethnicity | 37 457 (96.1) | 21 788 (95.9) | 15 669 (96.4) | 0.010 |
| Family history of diabetes | 16 294 (40.1) | 9271 (39.3) | 7023 (41.3) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 6.80±6.71 | 6.31±6.50 | 7.47±6.93 | <0.001 |
| History of hypertension | 16 266 (39.8) | 8835 (37.2) | 7431 (43.4) | <0.001 |
| History of dyslipidemia | 11 361 (27.9) | 6825 (28.8) | 4536 (26.5) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.62±3.77 | 25.77±3.63 | 25.42±3.95 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 91.07±10.29 | 92.73±9.83 | 88.80±10.49 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 131.40±19.06 | 130.36±18.23 | 132.81±20.04 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 77.34±11.34 | 78.70±11.28 | 75.51±11.16 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 9.06±2.27 | 9.14±2.32 | 8.94±2.20 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 75.45±24.85 | 76.36±25.34 | 74.18±24.09 | <0.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 9.34±3.74 | 9.38±3.80 | 9.27±3.66 | 0.005 |
| Postprandial blood glucose, mmol/L | 16.16±5.44 | 16.10±5.33 | 16.24±5.58 | 0.016 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 2.27±2.35 | 2.39±2.59 | 2.09±1.96 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.83±1.36 | 4.73±1.36 | 4.98±1.33 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.79±1.00 | 2.74±0.97 | 2.87±1.03 | <0.001 |
| Serum creatine, μmol/L | 66.67±30.43 | 73.69±31.45 | 56.88±25.96 | <0.001 |
| Urinary acid, μmol/L | 317.83±96.50 | 338.38±96.70 | 289.15±88.57 | <0.001 |
Data are given as a mean±SD or as a number and percentage in parentheses. Comparisons of mean values and proportions by sex were performed using the Student’s t-test and χ2 tests, respectively.
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.