Table 1

Baseline and birth outcome characteristics of participants*

GDM (n=33)Control (n=29)P value
Maternal age (year)32.4±5.232.7±5.80.81
Parity, n (%)0.99
 Nulliparous7 (21)6 (21)
 Multiparous26 (79)23 (79)
Race/ethnicity, n (%)0.52
 Non-Hispanic white0 (0)1 (3.5)
 Non-Hispanic black28 (85)25 (86)
 Hispanic white3 (9)1 (3.5)
 Asian1 (3)0 (0)
 Other/mixed race1 (3)2 (7)
Education level, n (%)0.30
 ≤High school24 (73)18 (62)
 ≥Some college9 (27)11 (38)
Prepregnancy BMI
(kg/m2)
34.2±7.628.3±7.9<0.01
Maternal BMI at delivery (kg/m2)38.8±7.132.8±8.7<0.01
Gestational weight gain (kg)12.4±10.311.4±8.10.68
Gestational age (week)37.2±2.138.9±1.5<0.01
Cesarean section (n (%))21 (63)16 (55)0.49
Preterm delivery (n (%))10 (30)1 (3)<0.01
Sex of neonate (male)
(n (%))
12 (36)12 (41)0.69
Neonatal mortality (n (%))2 (6)0 (0)0.19
Birth weight (g)3303±7753128±4470.29
Small for gestational age (n (%))2 (6)3 (10)0.54
Large for gestational age (n (%))9 (27)0 (0)<0.01
  • *Analyzed with Student’s t-test for continuous variables and χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test (for the race/ethnicity variable) for categorical variables. Values are mean±SD.

  • BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.