Demographic and medical characteristics by glycemic level of non-pregnant adults 20+ years old from NHANES 2013–2016*
| No diabetes | Pre-diabetes | Diabetes | P value (ANOVA) | |||
| HbA1c<5.7% | HbA1c≥5.7% and <6.5% | HbA1c<6.5% | HbA1c≥6.5% and <9.0% | HbA1c≥9.0% | ||
| n (unweighted) | 2422 | 928 | 417 | 405 | 125 | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male (%) | 48.8 (46.8 to 50.8) | 45.8 (41.3 to 50.3) | 49.5 (43.3 to 55.7) | 53.2 (46.3 to 60.2) | 55.3 (41.9 to 68.7) | 0.448 |
| Female (%) | 51.2 (49.2 to 53.2) | 54.2 (49.7 to 58.7) | 50.5 (44.3 to 56.7) | 46.8 (39.8 to 53.7) | 44.7 (31.3 to 58.1) | |
| Age (years) | 42.9 (41.8 to 44.0) | 54.7 (53.1 to 56.3) | 58.8 (57.3 to 60.4) | 60.9 (59.3 to 62.4) | 53.2 (50.6 to 55.8) | <0.001 |
| Race | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white (%) | 68.9 (63.4 to 74.4) | 57.2 (50.9 to 63.5) | 68.6 (61.1 to 76.2) | 66.7 (59.5 to 73.9) | 43.9 (29.5 to 58.3) | 0.003 |
| Non-Hispanic black (%) | 8.7 (6.1 to 11.4) | 18.0 (13.5 to 22.6) | 11.1 (7.7 to 14.5) | 13.5 (8.4 to 18.5) | 20.0 (13.6 to 26.4) | |
| Mexican American (%) | 8.1 (5.6 to 10.6) | 9.5 (5.7 to 13.4) | 7.8 (4.0 to 11.6) | 8.4 (4.8 to 12.0) | 16.4 (8.8 to 24.1) | |
| Other (%) | 14.3 (11.6 to 16.9) | 15.3 (12.4 to 18.2) | 12.4 (7.8 to 17.1) | 11.4 (7.9 to 15) | 19.7 (10.6 to 28.7) | |
| Education† | ||||||
| ≤High school diploma (%) | 33.0 (27.6 to 38.4) | 43.6 (38.5 to 48.7) | 39.0 (33.3 to 44.7) | 46.2 (39 to 53.4) | 47.2 (36.0 to 58.4) | <0.001 |
| >High school diploma (%) | 67.0 (61.6 to 72.4) | 56.4 (51.3 to 61.5) | 61.0 (55.3 to 66.7) | 53.8 (46.6 to 61.0) | 52.8 (41.6 to 64.0) | |
| Income‡ | ||||||
| <3 times the poverty rate (%) | 49.2 (44.4 to 53.9) | 56.0 (48.9 to 63.1) | 54.8 (48.0 to 61.6) | 52.5 (43.0 to 62.0) | 67.1 (52.9 to 81.3) | 0.065 |
| ≥3 times the poverty rate (%) | 50.8 (46.1 to 55.6) | 44.0 (36.9 to 51.1) | 45.2 (38.4 to 52.0) | 47.5 (38.0 to 57.0) | 32.9 (18.7 to 47.1) | |
| Food security§ | ||||||
| Full food security (%) | 75.1 (72.2 to 78.0) | 72.4 (68.4 to 76.4) | 74.3 (68.6 to 80.1) | 67.8 (59.7 to 76.0) | 49.1 (34.0 to 64.1) | 0.010 |
| Marginal to very low food security (%) | 24.9 (22.0 to 27.8) | 27.6 (23.6 to 31.6) | 25.7 (19.9 to 31.4) | 32.2 (24.0 to 40.3) | 50.9 (35.9 to 66.0) | |
| Routine place to go for healthcare (%) | 80.3 (78.1 to 82.6) | 85.9 (84.0 to 87.9) | 89.6 (85.9 to 93.2) | 96.3 (94.1 to 98.5) | 86.8 (79.7 to 93.9) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes¶ | ||||||
| Insulin use (%) | 8.2 (3.9 to 12.5) | 58.1 (47.2 to 68.9) | 78.7 (70.4 to 86.9) | <0.001 | ||
| Any diabetes medication (%) | 40.6 (32.7 to 48.5) | 79.7 (72.9 to 86.4) | 83.1 (76.3 to 89.9) | <0.001 | ||
| Time since diagnosis (years) | 3.8 (2.8 to 4.8) | 9.6 (8.3 to 10.8) | 10.9 (9.1 to 12.8) | <0.001 | ||
| Blood pressure | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 118.9 (118.1 to 119.7) | 126.3 (125.1 to 127.6) | 128.4 (126.1 to 130.6) | 132.7 (129.9 to 135.5) | 131.4 (126.2 to 136.6) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 68.7 (67.8 to 69.5) | 69.8 (68.4 to 71.1) | 68.1 (66.4 to 69.7) | 69.7 (67.9 to 71.5) | 74.9 (73.0 to 76.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertensive (%) | 24.9 (21.9 to 27.8) | 47.9 (43.0 to 52.9) | 66.8 (60.3 to 73.2) | 71.1 (63.2 to 78.9) | 63.2 (52.8 to 73.7) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol | ||||||
| HDL (mg/dL) | 56.5 (55.5 to 57.4) | 53.1 (51.6 to 54.7) | 52.4 (49.8 to 54.9) | 48.2 (46.0 to 50.4) | 45.0 (42.2 to 47.8) | <0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 111.8 (109.8 to 113.7) | 119.4 (116.7 to 122.0) | 108.6 (104.5 to 112.8) | 99.6 (93.6 to 105.6) | 118.3 (107.9 to 128.8) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 189.1 (186.8 to 191.3) | 197.6 (194.2 to 200.9) | 188.2 (182.3 to 194.1) | 178.2 (171.1 to 185.2) | 199.7 (186.8 to 212.6) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 105.6 (101.7 to 109.4) | 124.8 (118.1 to 131.5) | 137.0 (124.4 to 149.6) | 158.0 (131.3 to 184.8) | 198.1 (154.6 to 241.5) | <0.001 |
Bold text indicates statistical significance at the P < 0.05 level.
*Values are percent or means (95% CIs).
†Data missing for two participants.
‡Data available for 92.4% of participants.
§Data available for 98.4% of participants.
¶P values for diabetes groups only.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; HbA1c, glycohemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.