Maternal characteristics, obstetric and neonatal outcomes in women with pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy and those without diabetes
| Normoglycemia n=704 148 | PGD n=3882 | OR, PGD vs normoglycemia | T1DM n=1299 | OR, T1DM vs normoglycemia | ‘T2DM and other PGD’ n=2583 | OR, ‘T2DM and other PGD’ vs normoglycemia | OR, T1DM vs ‘T2DM and other PGD’ | |
| Prevalence, % | 0.52 | – | 0.17 | – | 0.35 | – | – | |
| Age (years) | 31.3 | 33.1 | † | 32.2 | † | 33.6 | † | † |
| Hypertension, % | 0.5 | 4.9 | 8.3 (7.2 to 9.7)† | 3.8 | 7.0 (5.2 to 9.3)† | 5.5 | 9.0 (7.5 to 10.7)† | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1), p=0.216 |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 0.1 | 1.1 | 8.2 (6.0 to 11.2)† | 1.0 | 7.8 (4.5 to 13.6)† | 1.2 | 8.4 (5.8 to 12.1)† | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1), p=0.817 |
| Smoking, % | 5.5 | 5.8 | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.3), p=0.074 | 7.3 | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7)† | 5.0 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2), p=0.910 | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.9)* |
| Pre-eclampsia, % | 1.4 | 6.0 | 4.4 (3.8 to 5.0)† | 8.1 | 6.0 (4.9 to 7.4)† | 5.0 | 3.6 (3.0 to 4.3)† | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.3)† |
| Preterm birth, % | 6.0 | 17.6 | 3.4 (3.1 to 3.7)† | 21.9 | 4.4 (3.9 to 5.1)† | 15.5 | 2.9 (2.6 to 3.2)† | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.8)† |
| Early term birth, % | 22.4 | 42.9 | 2.5 (2.4 to 2.7)† | 56.0 | 4.3 (3.9 to 4.9)† | 36.4 | 1.9 (1.7 to 2.1)† | 2.3 (2.0 to 2.6)† |
| Full-term birth, % | 54.3 | 34.4 | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.5)† | 21.1 | 0.2 (0.2 to 0.3)† | 41.4 | 0.6 (0.6 to 0.6)† | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5)† |
| Late and post term birth, % | 17.3 | 5.0 | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.3)† | 0.9 | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.07)† | 7.1 | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.4)† | 0.11 (0.06 to 0.20)† |
| Cesarean section, % | 25.7 | 45.9 | 2.3 (2.1 to 2.4)† | 55.7 | 3.6 (3.2 to 4.0)† | 41 | 1.8 (1.7 to 1.9)† | 1.9 (1.7 to 2.2)† |
| Macrosomia, % | 6.1 | 14.6 | 2.7 (2.4 to 2.9)† | 17.2 | 3.3 (2.8 to 3.8)† | 13.1 | 2.4 (2.1 to 2.7)† | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6)* |
| LGA, % | 13.1 | 35.6 | 3.7 (3.4 to 3.9)† | 44.0 | 5.3 (4.8 to 5.9)† | 31.4 | 3.0 (2.8 to 3.3)† | 1.7 (1.5 to 2.0) † |
| SGA, % | 9.0 | 5.6 | 0.6 (0.5 to 0.7)† | 3.2 | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.5)† | 6.8 | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.8)† | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7)† |
OR and p value were adjusted for maternal age and smoking status.
*Adjusted p<0.05.
†Adjusted p<0.001.
LGA, large for gestational age; PGD, pre-existing diabetes; SGA, small for gestational age; T1DM, type 1 diabetes; T2DM and other PGD, type 2 diabetes and other pre-existing diabetes.