Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics at baseline
| Children (≤12 years) | Teenagers (13–17 years) | Adults (≥18 years) | P value | |
| Number of patients | 30 | 24 | 76 | |
| Age (years) | 8.8 (7.7–10.6) | 15.6 (14.2–16.8) | 45.0 (29.0–58.1) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 13 (43.3) | 9 (37.5) | 37 (48.7) | 0.611 |
| SDS-BMI or BMI* | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.4) | 21.3 (19.8–23.1) | 24.7 (22.1–26.8) | n.a. |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 4.2 (2.3–6.5) | 7.2 (5.1–9.5) | 22.0 (14.3–30.8)† | <0.001 |
| Complications | ||||
| Any, n (%)‡ | 30 (100.0) | 24 (100.0) | 54 (71.1) | 0.016 |
| Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (15.8) | |
| Diabetic neuropathy, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.6) | |
| Diabetic foot, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.3) | |
| >1 complication, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (9.2) | |
| Dexcom/FreeStyle Libre users, n (%)§ | 28/2 (93.3/6.7) | 22/2 (91.7/8.3) | 35/41 (46.1/53.9)† | <0.001 |
| Patients under multiple daily injection therapy, n (%) | 12 (40.0) | 11 (45.8) | 63 (82.9)† | <0.001 |
| Mean insulin dose (U/kg/day) | 0.8 (0.6–0.8) | 0.8 (0.7–1) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | <0.001 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, mmol/mol | 57 (51–62) | 51 (46–57) | 56 (49–64) | 0.080 |
| During lockdown | ||||
| Patients receiving medical advice by telephone, n (%) | 6 (20.0) | 2 (8.0) | 8 (11.0) | 0.330 |
| Patients with severe hypoglycemia, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.3) | n.a. |
| IPAQ: total physical activity/day, METs | 1440 (840–1920) | 1018 (480–3056) | 1680 (720–3180) | 0.524 |
| IPAQ: high-intensity physical activity/day, METs | 0 (0–320) | 180 (0–2880) | 440 (0–1560) | 0.104 |
| IPAQ: moderate physical activity/day, METs | 1440 (240–1680) | 100 (0–390)† | 480 (120–1080) | 0.001 |
| IPAQ: walking/day, METs | 0 (0–180) | 75 (0–428) | 350 (78–780)¶ | 0.001 |
| IPAQ: mean sitting time/day, hours | 4.0 (3.0–6.0) | 7.3 (5.0–8.6)¶ | 5.5 (4–7.8) | 0.005 |
| PSS: perceived stress | n.a. | n.a. | 14.5 (9.8–20) | n.a. |
| Patients employed in working activity | ||||
| No, n (%) | n.a. | n.a. | 36 (47.4) | n.a. |
| Yes, n (%) | n.a. | n.a. | 20 (26.3) | |
| Smart working at home, n (%) | n.a. | n.a. | 20 (26.3) |
Data are expressed as median with IQR in parentheses. Continuous variables were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, and categorical variables were investigated by χ2 test. Pairwise comparisons were made after Bonferroni correction.
*In children, SDS-BMI was calculated instead of BMI, according to a previous publication.21
†P<0.05 vs other groups.
‡No diabetic retinopathy, no diabetic neuropathy, and no diabetic foot.
§The number of scans per day in FreeStyle Libre users was similar between prelockdown (mean±SD 11.0±4.5) and during lockdown (11.2±4.8) (p=0.658).
¶P<0.05 vs children.
BMI, body mass index; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form; MET, metabolic equivalent; n.a., not assessed; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; SDS-BMI, SD score for body mass index.