Comparison among the three groups of adults identified by unsupervised clustering according to the difference in values of prelockdown and during lockdown of TIR (ΔTIR) and SD (ΔSDglu)
| Improved TIR and variability (n=19) | Improved variability (n=38) | Worsened variability (n=19) | P value | |
| ΔTIR (%) | 32.9 (18.5–39.0)* | 3.6 (−1.5–7.6) | −5.0 (−8.8–4.0) | <0.001 |
| ΔSDglu (%) | −13.0 (−20.9 to −10.9) | −5.1 (−9.8–-1.5) | 11.6 (7.4–18.9) | <0.001† |
| TIR prelockdown (%) | 44.6 (41.0–51.5)* | 59.4 (50.5–69.2) | 66.6 (42.7–73.2) | 0.002 |
| TIR during lockdown (%) | 60.1 (56.6–64.7) | 60.7 (53.0–72.5) | 62.7 (41.9–69.6) | 0.768 |
| SD prelockdown | 66.8 (64.7–75.3) | 58.5 (52.1–71.5) | 55.1 (47.2–63.8)‡ | 0.043 |
| SD during lockdown | 58.1 (56.3–62.7) | 58.5 (48.8–68.4) | 61.7 (54.6–76.1) | 0.511 |
| Median glucose prelockdown (mg/dL) | 188 (171–192)* | 156 (137–171) | 148 (129–190) | 0.016 |
| Median glucose during lockdown (mg/dL) | 159 (143–167) | 150 (133–166) | 146 (127–181) | 0.914 |
| Age (years) | 56.8 (28.9–60.9) | 35.3 (26.4–48.7)* | 51.9 (42.5–58.5) | 0.003 |
| Female, n (%) | 11 (57.9) | 16 (42.1) | 10 (52.6) | 0.491 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 (22.3–27.8) | 24.7 (21.6–26.2) | 24.5 (22.4–26.8) | 0.592 |
| Dexcom/FreeStyle Libre users, n (%) | 11/8 (57.9/42.1) | 17/21 (44.7/55.3) | 7/12 (36.8/63.2) | 0.417 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (mmol/mol) | 58 (53–71) | 53 (46–60)‡ | 60 (55–66) | 0.031 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 21.4 (15.6–39.4) | 22 (8.8–29.6) | 24.4 (14.4–34.5) | 0.210 |
| Patients with severe hypoglycemia, n (%) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n.a. |
| IPAQ: total physical activity/day, METs | 3158 (1440–5700)* | 1590 (889–2895) | 700 (420–870) | 0.009 |
| IPAQ: high-intensity physical activity/day, METs | 1520 (0–3780) | 480 (0–1200) | 0 (0–0) | 0.053 |
| IPAQ: moderate physical activity/day, METs | 810 (240–1680) | 480 (60–840) | 440 (15–900) | 0.981 |
| IPAQ: walking/day, METs | 360 (113–1260) | 385 (98–810) | 250 (28–563) | 0.143 |
| IPAQ: mean sitting time/day (minutes) | 360 (165–454) | 308 (229–480) | 345 (263–495) | 0.744 |
| PSS: perceived stress | 16 (10–21) | 11 (8–18) | 18 (13–25)§ | 0.020 |
| Patients working during lockdown | ||||
| No, n (%) | 9 (47.4) | 12 (40.0) | 7 (36.8) | 0.881 |
| Yes, n (%) | 4 (21.1) | 9 (30.0) | 7 (36.8) | |
| Smart working, n (%) | 6 (31.6) | 9 (30.0) | 5 (26.3) |
Data are expressed as median with IQR in parentheses. Pairwise comparisons were made after Bonferroni adjustment.
*P<0.05 vs all other groups.
†P<0.05 for all pairwise comparisons.
‡P<0.05 vs ‘improved variability’ group.
§P<0.05 vs ‘improved TIR and variability’ group.
BMI, body mass index; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form; MET, metabolic equivalent; n.a., not assessed; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; SDglu, glucose SD; TIR, time in range.