Baseline characteristics of inpatients with COVID-19 with or without pre-existing T2DM
| Total (N=1105) | Non-T2DM (n=967) | T2DM (n=138) | P value | |
| Age (years), mean±SD | 56.3±14.5 | 55.3±14.5 | 63.4±12.8 | <0.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 604 (54.7) | 522 (54.0) | 82 (59.4) | 0.230 |
| Female | 501 (45.3) | 445 (46.0) | 56 (40.6) | |
| Glycated hemoglobin* (%) | 6.4 (5.9–7.4) | 6.2 (5.9–6.9) | 7.8 (7.1–9.1) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 304 (27.5) | 228 (23.6) | 76 (55.1) | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 59 (5.3) | 38 (3.9) | 21 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 39 (3.5) | 33 (3.4) | 6 (4.3) | 0.756 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 20 (1.8) | 13 (1.3) | 7 (5.1) | 0.006 |
| Chronic lung disease† | 42 (3.8) | 35 (3.6) | 7 (5.1) | 0.403 |
| Malignant tumor | 24 (2.2) | 22 (2.3) | 2 (1.4) | 0.756 |
| Signs and symptoms, n (%) | ||||
| Fever | 969 (87.7) | 852 (88.1) | 117 (84.8) | 0.266 |
| Cough | 857 (77.6) | 750 (77.6) | 107 (77.5) | 0.995 |
| Dyspnea | 598 (54.0) | 515 (53.3) | 82 (59.4) | 0.174 |
| Fatigue or myalgia | 422 (38.2) | 374 (38.7) | 48 (34.8) | 0.378 |
| Diarrhea | 68 (6.2) | 61 (6.3) | 7 (5.1) | 0.583 |
| Hemoptysis | 4 (0.4) | 4 (0.4) | 0 | >0.999 |
| Headache | 60 (5.4) | 54 (5.6) | 6 (4.3) | 0.549 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 125 (115–136) | 125 (115–136) | 127 (115–140) | 0.113 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 80 (74–87) | 80.(75-87) | 80 (73–87) | 0.927 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 21.0 (20.0–24.0) | 21.0 (20.0–24.0) | 21.0 (20.0–24.7) | 0.361 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 86 (80–97) | 86 (80–96) | 86 (80–98) | 0.781 |
| Chest imaging,‡ n (%) | 0.859 | |||
| Unilateral infiltrate | 117 (10.6) | 103 (10.7) | 14 (10.1) | |
| Bilateral infiltrate | 988 (89.4) | 864 (89.3) | 124 (89.9) | |
| Treatment in hospital, n (%) | ||||
| Antiviral§ | 580 (52.5) | 518 (53.6) | 62 (44.9) | 0.057 |
| Antibiotic | 1015 (91.9) | 887 (91.7) | 128 (92.8) | 0.680 |
| Corticosteroid therapy | 334 (30.2) | 293 (30.3) | 41 (29.7) | 0.888 |
| Antiplatelet therapy | 37 (3.3) | 25 (2.6) | 12 (8.7) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulant therapy | 134 (12.1) | 112 (11.6) | 22 (15.9) | 0.142 |
Data are expressed as mean±SD, median (IQR), or n (%).
*Initial test.
†Including chronic pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary tuberculosis.
‡Chest imaging, including chest X-ray and CT scan before being hospitalized.
§Including oseltamivir, ganciclovir, lopinavir, and interferon.
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.