Baseline characteristics of participants by gender and prevalent pre-diabetes
| Characteristics | Women | Men | ||||
| ADA (n=1780) | WHO (n=692) | Normoglycemia (n=3323)* | ADA (n=1712) | WHO (n=690) | Normoglycemia (n=2029)* | |
| Age (years) | 67.2±9.7† | 67.7±9.7† | 63.9±10.0 | 65.1±9.0 | 65.4±8.9 | 63.6±9.6 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.8±12.2† | 94.8±12.7† | 87.1±11.0† | 99.8±10.2 | 101.5±10.0 | 95.7±9.5 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.4±4.8† | 29.0±5.0† | 26.4±4.1† | 27.4±3.4 | 28.1±3.6 | 26.2±3.3 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.0±1.0† | 5.9±1.0† | 5.9±1.0† | 5.6±1.0 | 5.6±1.0 | 5.5±1.0 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L)‡ | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 1.5 (1.0–2.0) | 1.2 (0.8–1.5)† | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 1.5 (1.0–2.0) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) |
| Insulin (pmol/L)‡ | 85 (55–115)† | 95 (59–131) | 62 (42–83) | 79 (51–108) | 91 (59–123) | 64 (42–87) |
| Glucose (mmol/L)‡ | 5.9 (5.7–6.2) | 6.3 (6.1–6.5) | 5.1 (4.9–5.3)† | 5.9 (5.7–6.2) | 6.3 (6.1–6.5) | 5.2 (5.0–5.4) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 142±21 | 145±21 | 135±21† | 143±20 | 146±21 | 137±20 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 78±11† | 79±12† | 78±11† | 81±12 | 82±12 | 79±11 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1042 (58.5) | 436 (63.0) | 1420 (43.2) | 981 (57.3) | 437 (63.3) | 878 (43.9) |
| Use of blood pressure-lowering drugs, n (%) | 536 (30.1)† | 239 (34.5) | 579 (17.4) | 414 (24.2) | 198 (28.7) | 316 (15.6) |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 117 (6.6)† | 45 (6.5)† | 207 (6.3)† | 244 (14.3) | 99 (14.3) | 283 (14.1) |
| Former smoking (n, %) | 529 (29.7)† | 214 (30.9)† | 894 (27.2)† | 885 (51.7) | 339 (49.1) | 1023 (50.8) |
Values are mean±SD or median (IQR) for characteristics with skewed distributions.
*Fasting glucose <5.6 mmol/L.
†Statistically significant gender difference, corrected for age.
‡Only fasting samples.
ADA, American Diabetes Association.