The effect of pooled exercise interventions on body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid and glucose metabolism compared with the control group
| Variable | Mean (SE)* | Pooled intervention versus CON change from baseline to 6 years† | P for group × FH intertaction term | ||||||
| Control group (CON) (n=782) | Pooled intervention group (n=275) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 6 years | Baseline | 6 years | Mean (95% CI)* | P value | Group | FH | Interaction | |
| Weight (kg) | 82.0 (0.5) | 83.2 (0.5) | 82.4 (0.9) | 83.0 (0.9) | −0.5 (−1.4 to 0.4) | 0.272 | 0.464 | 0.148 | 0.147 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 93.9 (0.4) | 96.1 (0.4) | 94.7 (0.7) | 96.2 (0.7) | −0.7 (−1.5 to 0.2) | 0.146 | 0.199 | 0.046 | 0.31 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.0 (0.1) | 28.4 (0.2) | 28.0 (0.3) | 28.3 (0.2) | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.1) | 0.322 | 0.585 | 0.189 | 0.176 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 134.8 (0.7) | 139.7 (0.7) | 133.4 (1.0) | 133.9 (1.0) | −4.8 (−6.7 to −3.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.412 | 0.218 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 84.0 (0.4) | 79.8 (0.4) | 81.4 (0.6) | 75.3 (0.6) | −2.9 (−4.0 to −1.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.696 | 0.477 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.03) | 1.5 (0.03) | 1.4 (0.05) | 1.4 (0.05) | −0.1 (−0.2 to 0.01) | 0.097 | 0.164 | 0.854 | 0.979 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.5 (0.04) | 5.5 (0.04) | 5.5 (0.1) | 5.6 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.004 to 0.2) | 0.042 | 0.029 | 0.992 | 0.07 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.01) | 1.3 (0.01) | 1.3 (0.02) | 1.4 (0.03) | 0.1 (0.03 to 0.1) | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.405 | 0.842 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.5 (0.03) | 3.5 (0.04) | 3.6 (0.1) | 3.6 (0.1) | 0.1 (−0.02 to 0.2) | 0.103 | 0.05 | 0.952 | 0.046 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.4 (0.02) | 5.5 (0.03) | 5.2 (0.04) | 5.6 (0.04) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3) | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.082 | 0.432 |
| 30 min glucose (mmol/L) | 8.5 (0.1) | 8.9 (0.1) | 8.5 (0.1) | 8.7 (0.1) | −0.2 (−0.4 to 0.01) | 0.059 | 0.099 | 0.061 | 0.106 |
| 2-hour glucose (mmol/L) | 5.3 (0.1) | 5.9 (0.1) | 5.2 (0.1) | 5.5 (0.1) | −0.3 (−0.5 to −0.01) | 0.038 | 0.066 | 0.398 | 0.962 |
| AUC glucose | 890.7 (4.96) | 937.9 (7) | 881 (8.7) | 912.5 (10.5) | −19.1 (−39.1 to 0.9) | 0.062 | 0.11 | 0.119 | 0.33 |
| Fasting insulin (mmol/L) | 7.7 (0.2) | 9.2 (0.2) | 7.9 (0.6) | 7.8 (0.3) | −1.6 (−2.4 to −0.79) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.008 | 0.591 |
| 30 min insulin (mmol/L) | 63.6 (1.5) | 76.5 (3) | 70.8 (2.5) | 73.5 (3.2) | −9.6 (−15.6 to −3.7) | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.869 | 0.443 |
| 2-hour insulin (mmol/L) | 37.2 (1.4) | 47.9 (2.1) | 34.2 (1.9) | 37.9 (2.0) | −8.4 (−13.5 to −3.3) | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.443 | 0.294 |
| AUC insulin (103) | 5.7 (0.13) | 6.96 (6.0) | 6.0 (0.2) | 6.23 (0.24) | −1.04 (−1.54 to −0.55) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.51 | 0.321 |
| ISI | 142.4 (3.31) | 120.3 (3) | 139.1 (5) | 134.5 (5.4) | 16.9 (6.6 to 27.2) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.057 | 0.841 |
| CIR | 198.2 (8.01) | 208.9 (6.9) | 241.8 (16.8) | 207.7 (16.7) | −16.4 (−50.1 to 17.2) | 0.337 | 0.623 | 0.187 | 0.056 |
| DI (103) | 25.2 (1.16) | 23.44 (1.12) | 31.5 (2.78) | 24.56 (3.13) | −0.17 (−6.36 to 6.03) | 0.958 | 0.702 | 0.034 | 0.108 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.8 (0.05) | 2.3 (0.1) | 1.9 (0.2) | 2.0 (0.1) | −0.4 (−0.6 to −0.1) | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.693 |
FH+=family history of diabetes.
*Propensity score weighted estimated means.
†Adjusted for baseline value and family history of diabetes.
AUC, area under the curve; BP, blood pressure; CIR, corrected insulin response; DI, disposition index; FH, family history of type 2 diabetes; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; ISI, insulin sensitivity index; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.