Variable | N | Mean (SE) | Exercise versus prescription group change | P for time × group interaction | |||
Mean (95% CI)* | |||||||
Baseline | 1 year | 5 years | 1 year | 5 years | |||
Fitness index | |||||||
Prescription | 99 | 74.2 (1.2) | 83.1 (83.1) | 81.5 (1.6) | |||
Exercise | 94 | 73.7 (1.4) | 84.3 (84.3) | 79.3 (1.8) | 1.7 (−1.1 to 4.5) | −1.6 (−5.0 to 1.8) | 0.074 |
Weight (kg) | |||||||
Prescription | 134 | 81.4 (1.2) | 81.1 (81.1) | 82.0 (1.3) | |||
Exercise | 127 | 83.2 (1.3) | 81.9 (81.9) | 84.2 (1.4) | −0.9 (−1.7 to −0.2) | 0.4 (−0.7 to 1.5) | 0.008 |
Waist circumference (cm) | |||||||
Prescription | 134 | 94.2 (1.0) | 92.3 (92.3) | 94.9 (1.0) | |||
Exercise | 127 | 96.2 (1.2) | 93.2 (93.2) | 97.4 (1.1) | −1.3 (−2.4 to −0.1) | 0.5 (−0.9 to 1.8) | 0.011 |
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | |||||||
Prescription | 132 | 135.2 (1.3) | 132.1 (132.1) | 134.4 (1.4) | |||
Exercise | 126 | 133.7 (1.3) | 128.5 (128.5) | 131.0 (1.4) | −2.1 (−4.7 to 0.5) | −1.9 (−4.9 to 1.2) | 0.244 |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | |||||||
Prescription | 132 | 81.9 (0.8) | 78.8 (78.8) | 76.0 (0.8) | |||
Exercise | 126 | 82.6 (0.8) | 77.9 (77.9) | 74.2 (0.7) | −1.6 (−3.2 to −0.04) | −2.5 (−4.3 to −0.6) | 0.019 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | |||||||
Prescription | 136 | 1.27 (0.05) | 1.27 (1.27) | 1.32 (0.06) | |||
Exercise | 128 | 1.4 (0.07) | 1.25 (1.25) | 1.44 (0.07) | −0.15 (−0.31 to 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.15 to 0.13) | 0.147 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||||
Prescription | 136 | 5.26 (0.08) | 5.35 (5.35) | 5.68 (0.09) | |||
Exercise | 128 | 5.36 (0.09) | 5.24 (5.24) | 5.46 (0.09) | −0.21 (−0.41 to −0.01) | −0.32 (−0.52 to −0.12) | 0.006 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||||
Prescription | 136 | 1.40 (0.04) | 1.47 (1.47) | 1.42 (0.04) | |||
Exercise | 128 | 1.35 (0.03) | 1.41 (1.41) | 1.32 (0.04) | −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.05) | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.01) | 0.210 |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||||
Prescription | 132 | 3.25 (0.07) | 3.29 (3.29) | 3.64 (0.08) | |||
Exercise | 121 | 3.38 (0.08) | 3.25 (3.25) | 3.49 (0.08) | −0.17 (−0.35 to 0.004) | −0.28 (−0.46 to −0.10) | 0.006 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | |||||||
Prescription | 135 | 5.4 (0.05) | 5.3 (5.3) | 5.5 (0.05) | |||
Exercise | 129 | 5.5 (0.04) | 5.4 (5.4) | 5.6 (0.1) | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.1) | 0.03 (−0.1 to 0.2) | 0.831 |
30 min glucose (mmol/L) | |||||||
Prescription | 131 | 8.3 (0.1) | 8.2 (8.2) | 8.5 (0.1) | |||
Exercise | 123 | 8.4 (0.1) | 8.3 (8.3) | 8.8 (0.2) | 0.03 (−0.3 to 0.4) | 0.3 (−0.1 to 0.6) | 0.307 |
2-hour glucose (mmol/L) | |||||||
Prescription | 132 | 5.3 (0.1) | 5.1 (5.1) | 5.4 (0.1) | |||
Exercise | 125 | 5.2 (0.1) | 4.8 (4.8) | 5.5 (0.1) | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.1) | 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.5) | 0.123 |
Fasting insulin (mU/L) | |||||||
Prescription | 130 | 7.1 (0.5) | 6.1 (6.1) | 7.3 (0.4) | |||
Exercise | 126 | 7.2 (0.4) | 6.7 (6.7) | 8.4 (0.5) | 0.4 (−0.7 to 1.6) | 1 (−0.2 to 2.3) | 0.231 |
30 min insulin (mU/L) | |||||||
Prescription | 125 | 63.4 (3.2) | 62.0 (62.0) | 68.3 (3.8) | |||
Exercise | 120 | 68.1 (3.7) | 60.9 (60.9) | 75.6 (4.9) | −5.8 (−13.4 to 1.8) | 2.6 (−7.1 to 12.4) | 0.202 |
2-hour insulin (mU/L) | |||||||
Prescription | 124 | 32.3 (2.1) | 27.9 (27.9) | 36.2 (2.8) | |||
Exercise | 117 | 31.6 (2.1) | 25.6 (25.6) | 37.2 (2.5) | −1.6 (−6.9 to 3.7) | 1.8 (−4.1 to 7.6) | 0.562 |
HOMA-IR | |||||||
Prescription | 126 | 1.8 (0.1) | 1.5 (1.5) | 1.8 (0.1) | |||
Exercise | 122 | 1.8 (0.1) | 1.6 (1.6) | 2.1 (0.1) | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.5) | 0.3 (−0.1 to –0.6) | 0.349 |
*Adjusted for family history of type 2 diabetes.
BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.