Table 2

Predictors of patient undertreatment and overtreatment

Variable	Undertreatment		Overtreatment
Variable	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Clinical complexity
Low	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
High	0.65 (0.62 to 0.68)	<0.001	5.60 (5.37 to 5.83)	<0.001
Age group (years)
18–44	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
45–64	0.78 (0.75 to 0.82)	<0.001	0.63 (0.58 to 0.68)	<0.001
65–74	0.53 (0.50 to 0.56)	<0.001	0.53 (0.49 to 0.58)	<0.001
≥75	0.40 (0.38 to 0.42)	<0.001	0.45 (0.41 to 0.50)	<0.001
Sex
Male	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Female	0.85 (0.83 to 0.87)	<0.001	0.90 (0.87 to 0.93)	<0.001
Race/ethnicity
White	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Black	1.26 (1.23 to 1.30)	<0.001	1.02 (0.97 to 1.07)	0.52
Hispanic	1.25 (1.21 to 1.29)	<0.001	0.85 (0.81 to 0.90)	<0.001
Asian	0.95 (0.90 to 0.99)	0.03	0.70 (0.64 to 0.76)	<0.001
Unknown/missing	0.98 (0.91 to 1.05)	0.54	0.84 (0.74 to 0.94)	0.003
US region
Midwest	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Northeast	1.11 (1.07 to 1.15)	<0.001	0.80 (0.75 to 0.84)	<0.001
South	0.99 (0.96 to 1.02)	0.68	0.84 (0.80 to 0.88)	<0.001
West	1.01 (0.96 to 1.05)	0.73	0.85 (0.80 to 0.92)	<0.001
Annual household income
<$40 000	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
$40 000–$49 999	0.97 (0.93 to 1.01)	0.13	0.97 (0.91 to 1.04)	0.42
$50 000–$59 999	0.96 (0.92 to 1.00)	0.05	0.91 (0.85 to 0.97)	0.004
$60 000–$74 999	0.92 (0.88 to 0.95)	<0.001	0.98 (0.92 to 1.04)	0.49
$75 000–$99 999	0.89 (0.86 to 0.92)	<0.001	0.98 (0.92 to 1.03)	0.41
≥$100 000	0.75 (0.73 to 0.78)	<0.001	1.04 (0.99 to 1.10)	0.13
Unknown	0.99 (0.93 to 1.05)	0.68	1.09 (0.99 to 1.19)	0.07
Attributed provider
Internal medicine	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Family medicine	1.07 (1.04 to 1.09)	<0.001	1.01 (0.97 to 1.05)	0.67
Endocrinology	0.88 (0.84 to 0.93)	<0.001	1.57 (1.45 to 1.69)	<0.001
Unattributed	1.10 (1.04 to 1.16)	<0.001	1.07 (0.99 to 1.17)	0.10
Health plan
Commercial	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Medicare Advantage	0.82 (0.79 to 0.85)	<0.001	1.04 (0.99 to 1.11)	0.14

Odds of potential undertreatment and overtreatment were calculated using a multinomial logistic regression model with the reference set to receipt of appropriate therapy.