Demographics, metabolic, anthropometric, physical activity and dietary characteristics of included participants (n=483)
| Characteristics | Baseline | n | 12-month follow-up | n |
| Age (years) | 63.5±7.3 | 483 | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 316 (65.4) | |||
| Women | 167 (34.6) | |||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoked | 445 (92.1) | |||
| Current smokers | 38 (7.9) | |||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White European | 437 (90.5) | |||
| Other | 46 (9.5) | |||
| Treatment group | ||||
| Intervention | 246 (50.9) | |||
| Control | 237 (49.1) | |||
| Kidney function | 446 | 438 | ||
| Healthy | 155 (34.8) | 112 (25.5) | ||
| Mildly impaired | 271 (60.8) | 301 (68.4) | ||
| Moderately impaired | 20 (4.5) | 25 (5.7) | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 32.2±5.5 | 483 | 31.9±5.6 | 481 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 143.2±18.4 | 483 | 133.1±17.2 | 481 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.9 (5.6–6.1) | 481 | 5.9 (5.7–6.1) | 478 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 482 | 1.3 (1.2–1.6) | 476 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.4 (0.9–1.7) | 483 | 1.3 (1.0–1.9) | 481 |
| TMAO (μmol/L) | 4.8 (3.1–7.5) | 483 | 5.0 (3.4–8.0) | 483 |
| Physical activity variables | ||||
| Accelerometer variables | ||||
| Wear time (min/day) | 860.5±85.3 | 446 | 857.2±84.9 | 440 |
| Sedentary time (min/day) | 542.5±102.9 | 550.4±103.9 | 440 | |
| Light‐intensity physical activity (min/day) | 289.6±78.3 | 280.2±79.9 | 440 | |
| Moderate to vigorous‐intensity physical activity (min/day) | 28.4±24.5 | 26.7±22.3 | 440 | |
| Dietary variables | ||||
| Red meat (beef, pork or lamb) (servings/week) | 4.0 (1.5–4.0) | 387 | 4.0 (1.5–4.0) | 319 |
| Fish (servings/week) | 1.5 (0.0–1.5) | 336 | 1.5 (0.0–1.5) | 336 |
Continuous parametric results are displayed as mean±SD or number (percentage), and continuous non-parametric results are displayed as median (IQR); sedentary time=<25 counts/15 s, light-intensity activity ≥25 to <488 counts/15 s, and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) ≥488 counts/15 s.
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.