Table 1

Biochemical values in each experimental group

	NG control	HG control	Acute DKA	DKA 24 hours	DKA 7 days	DKA 28 days	HG 28 days
pH
Before DKA treatment	N/A	N/A	6.81 (0.25)	6.77 (0.15)	6.73 (0.09)	6.64 (0.08)	N/A
At brain sample collection	7.40 (0.06)	7.33 (0.09)	6.99 (0.13)*†	7.40 (0.04)	7.34 (0.03)*	7.39 (0.04)	7.33 (0.04)*
Glucose (mg/dL/mmol/L)
Before DKA treatment	N/A	N/A	440 (176)/	386 (96)/	364 (57)/	459 (101)/	N/A
Before DKA treatment	N/A	N/A	24.4 (9.8)	21.4 (5.3)	20.2 (3.2)	25.5 (5.6)	N/A
At brain sample collection	148 (19)†/	450 (263)*/	97 (91)†/	295 (270)/	285 (359)/	431 (102)*/	600 (138)*/
At brain sample collection	8.2 (1.1)	25 (14.6)	5.4 (5.1)	16.4 (15)	15.8 (19.9)	23.9 (5.6)	33.7 (7.7)
Sodium (mEq/L)
Before DKA treatment	N/A	N/A	137 (4.0)	137 (1.6)	136 (3.3)	136 (4.4)	N/A
At brain sample collection	140 (0.8)†	135 (2.5)*	143 (14)	145 (19)	137 (3.5)	134 (0.5)*	136 (3.5)*
Chloride (mEq/L)
Before DKA treatment	N/A	N/A	118 (7.5)	123 (6.7)	124 (3.1)	123 (3.1)	N/A
At brain sample collection	99 (2.3)	95 (4.5)	121 (16)*†	95 (6.1)	92 (1.0) *	91 (1.9)*†	95 (7.4)
Bicarbonate (mEq/L)
Before DKA treatment	N/A	N/A	10 (4.3)	8 (1.1)	9 (1.6)	8 (1.0)	N/A
At brain sample collection	30 (1.5)†	28 (0.7)*	13 (5.5)*†	34 (4.2)*†	33 (3.6)†	33 (1.2)*†	27 (3.0)*
BUN (mg/dL/ mmol/L)
Before DKA treatment	N/A	N/A	67 (53)	47 (18)	48 (14)	84 (22)	N/A
Before DKA treatment	N/A	N/A	23.9 (18.9)	16.8 (6.4)	17.1 (4.9)	30.0 (7.8)	N/A
At brain sample collection	14 (2.4)/	16 (2.3)/	53 (54)*†/	21 (8.4)/	22 (7.1)*/	22 (4.2)*†/	21 (4.2)*†/
At brain sample collection	5.0 (0.9)	5.7 (0.8)	18.9 (19.3)	7.4 (3.0)	7.7 (2.5)	7.8 (1.5)	7.5 (1.5)

Italicized values are mmol/L.
*Statistically significant pairwise difference in means compared with NG control (p<0.05).
†Statistically significant pairwise difference in means compared with HG control (p<0.05).
BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; HG, hyperglycemic; N/A, not applicable; NG, normoglycemic.