Mean HbA1c laboratory measurement at referral, POC remeasurement at IA, change in HbA1c between referral and IA and SD of IA HbA1c by device, pathway and participant characteristics
| N | % | Mean referral HbA1c mmol/mol | SD of referral HbA1c mmol/mol | Mean IA POC HbA1c mmol/mol | Mean change in HbA1c (95% CI) mmol/mol | P value (paired t-test) | P value (one-way ANOVA)† | SD of IA POC HbA1c (95% CI) mmol/mol | |
| Overall | 73 703 | 100 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 41.2 | −2.48 (−2.51 to −2.45) | <0.001 | n/a | 4.46 (4.44 to 4.48) |
| Device | |||||||||
| A1c Now+ | 31 230 | 42 | 43.6 | 1.5 | 40.6 | −3.04 (−3.10 to −2.99) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 5.28 (5.24 to 5.33) |
| Afinion | 11 586 | 16 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 40.8 | −2.85 (−2.91 to −2.79) | <0.001 | 3.35 (3.30 to 3.39) | |
| DCA Vantage | 30 887 | 42 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 41.9 | −1.78 (−1.82 to −1.74) | <0.001 | 3.75 (3.72 to 3.78) | |
| Pathway | |||||||||
| ICS Health and Well-being (DCA Vantage) | 29 422 | 40 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 42 | −1.76 (−1.80 to −1.72) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 3.74 (3.71 to 3.77) |
| Ingeus Inhouse (DCA Vantage) | 1465 | 2 | 43.6 | 1.5 | 41.4 | −2.18 (−2.37 to −2.00) | <0.001 | 3.89 (3.76 to 4.04) | |
| Ingeus Lloyds (A1c Now+) | 4108 | 6 | 43.6 | 1.5 | 39.4 | −4.23 (−4.38 to −4.08) | <0.001 | 5.06 (4.95 to 5.17) | |
| Living Well Taking Control (Afinion) | 11 586 | 16 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 40.8 | −2.85 (−2.91 to −2.79) | <0.001 | 3.35 (3.30 to 3.39) | |
| Reed Inhouse (A1c Now+) | 26 767 | 26 | 43.6 | 1.5 | 40.8 | −2.86 (−2.93 to −2.80) | <0.001 | 5.30 (5.25 to 5.34) | |
| Reed Lloyds (A1c Now+) | 355 | 0 | 43.8 | 1.5 | 40.9 | −2.86 (−3.34 to −2.39) | <0.001 | 4.86 (4.53 to 5.25) | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 32 561 | 44 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 41.2 | −2.51 (−2.56 to −2.47) | <0.001 | 0.2259† | 4.62 (4.59 to 4.66) |
| Female | 40 684 | 55 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 41.2 | −2.46 (−2.50 to −2.42) | <0.001 | 4.33 (4.30 to 4.36) | |
| Indeterminate | 49 | 0 | 43.6 | 1.4 | 41.4 | −2.25 (−3.81 to −0.69) | 0.01 | 5.53 (4.61 to 6.91) | |
| Unknown | 409 | 1 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 41.5 | −2.27 (−2.61 to −1.93) | <0.001 | 3.62 (3.38 to 3.88) | |
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| <40 | * | * | 43.6 | 1.5 | 41.2 | −2.41 (−2.62 to −2.21) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 5.53 (5.38 to 5.68) |
| 40–64 | 30 483 | 41 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 41.4 | −2.33 (−2.38 to −2.28) | <0.001 | 4.74 (4.70 to 4.78) | |
| 65–74 | 25 228 | 34 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 41.1 | −2.60 (−2.65 to −2.55) | <0.001 | 4.21 (4.17 to 4.25) | |
| 75+ | 15 388 | 21 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 41.1 | −2.60 (−2.66 to −2.54) | <0.001 | 4.05 (4.01 to 4.10) | |
| Unknown | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||
| Asian | 7998 | 11 | 43.8 | 1.6 | 41.8 | −2.06 (−2.15 to −1.97) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 4.21 (4.15 to 4.28) |
| Black | 4917 | 7 | 43.8 | 1.5 | 42.3 | −1.48 (−1.63 to −1.33) | <0.001 | 5.36 (5.26 to 5.47) | |
| Mixed | 1009 | 1 | 43.6 | 1.5 | 42 | −1.65 (−1.90 to −1.40) | <0.001 | 4.12 (3.95 to 4.31) | |
| Other | 624 | 1 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 40.8 | −2.84 (−3.21 to −2.46) | <0.001 | 4.96 (4.70 to 5.25) | |
| White | 47 610 | 65 | 43.6 | 1.5 | 41.1 | −2.55 (−2.59 to −2.52) | <0.001 | 4.12 (4.09 to 4.14) | |
| Unknown | 11 545 | 16 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 40.7 | −2.97 (−3.06 to −2.88) | <0.001 | 5.36 (5.29 to 5.43) | |
| Index of multiple deprivation quintile | |||||||||
| 1 (most deprived) | 15 031 | 20 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 41.6 | −2.12 (−2.19 to −2.05) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 4.82 (4.77 to 4.88) |
| 2 | 14 700 | 20 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 41.4 | −2.31 (−2.38 to −2.24) | <0.001 | 4.59 (4.54 to 4.64) | |
| 3 | 15 098 | 20 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 41.2 | −2.47 (−2.53 to −2.40) | <0.001 | 4.33 (4.28 to 4.38) | |
| 4 | 14 389 | 20 | 43.7 | 1.5 | 40.9 | −2.71 (−2.77 to −2.64) | <0.001 | 4.23 (4.18 to 4.28) | |
| 5 (least deprived) | 14 163 | 19 | 43.6 | 1.5 | 40.8 | −2.83 (−2.90 to −2.76) | <0.001 | 4.25 (4.20 to 4.30) | |
| Unknown | 322 | 0 | 43.6 | 1.5 | 40.7 | −2.97 (−3.38 to −2.56) | <0.001 | 3.86 (3.59 to 4.19) | |
*Suppressed due to small numbers.
†The Bartlett’s test for equality of variances was rejected in all cases. The Kruskal-Wallis test gave the same result as the ANOVA in terms of significance, with the exception of sex, where it indicated a significant difference (p<0.0055).
ANOVA, analysis of variance; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; IA, initial assessment; n/a, not applicable; POC, point of care.