Demographic and clinical findings in controls and in patients with diabetes with no, mild and moderate to severe neuropathy
| Parameter | Controls (n=30) | No neuropathy (n=51) | Mild neuropathy (n=47) | Moderate to severe neuropathy (n=45) | ANOVA p value |
| Age (years) | 54.51±2.3 | 57.68±1.6 | 60.16±1.7* | 64.1±1.48*† | 0.003 |
| Gender (female/male) | 15/15 | 20/31 | 18/29 | 16/29 | 0.4 |
| Ethnicity (European/non-European) | 23/7 | 42/9 | 31/16 | 36/9 | 0.3 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 0 | 15±2 | 18±2 | 24±3 | 0.01 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 36.4±0.65 | 56.21±2.52* | 55.99±1.88* | 55.37±2.05* | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.05±0.94 | 29.09±0.86 | 28.73±1.0 | 31.62±1.41* | 0.04 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.63±0.21 | 1.41±0.1 | 1.53±0.14 | 1.45±0.17 | 0.7 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.6±0.14 | 2.14±0.12* | 1.9±0.15* | 1.7±0.08*† | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.67±0.1 | 1.58±0.07 | 1.47±0.08 | 1.49±0.1 | 0.4 |
All data are expressed as mean±SEM.
*Significant difference compared with controls.
†Significant difference compared with no neuropathy.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.