Postmatching baseline characteristics for the HbA1c cohort
| OAD(s) | GLP-1 RA | SMD | Insulin | GLP-1 RA | SMD | |
| n=530 | n=530 | n=398 | n=398 | |||
| Age, years | 56.0 (10.7) | 56.0 (9.7) | 0.00 | 57.6 (11.0) | 57.2 (9.8) | −0.04 |
| Sex (male/female), % | 48.7/51.3 | 49.8/50.2 | 0.02/−0.02 | 49.2/50.8 | 53.3/46.7 | 0.08/−0.08 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 36.2 (7.1) | 36.7 (7.2) | 0.07 | 35.6 (6.9) | 35.7 (6.7) | 0.01 |
| Weight, kg | 105.3 (23.3) | 107.4 (24.5) | 0.09 | 104.1 (22.9) | 105.4 (24.1) | 0.05 |
| HbA1c, % | 8.5 (1.5) | 8.5 (1.5) | −0.01 | 8.9 (1.5) | 8.9 (1.6) | 0.02 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol* | 69 (16.6) | 69 (16.7) | – | 74 (16.5) | 74 (16.9) | – |
| Adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index score16 | 0.58 (1.04) | 0.52 (0.99) | −0.06 | 0.65 (1.09) | 0.60 (1.07) | −0.05 |
| Quan-Charlson Comorbidity Index score17 18 | 0.65 (1.13) | 0.62 (0.97) | −0.03 | 0.71 (1.18) | 0.69 (1.01) | −0.01 |
| Baseline antidiabetic medication, % | ||||||
| AGI | 0.4 | 0.2 | −0.04 | 0.8 | 0.3 | −0.07 |
| Biguanide (metformin) | 87.4 | 88.9 | 0.05 | 85.4 | 86.9 | 0.04 |
| DPP-4i | 38.5 | 37.0 | −0.03 | 37.4 | 37.7 | 0.01 |
| D2 dopamine receptor agonist | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.06 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.07 |
| Insulin-sensitizing agent (TZD) | 7.9 | 8.9 | 0.03 | 8.5 | 6.3 | −0.09 |
| Meglitinide | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.03 | 1.0 | 0.8 | −0.03 |
| SGLT-2i | 12.8 | 12.3 | −0.02 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 0.02 |
| SU | 52.6 | 52.1 | −0.01 | 60.3 | 60.8 | 0.01 |
| Baseline OAD combination, % | ||||||
| Metformin+SU | 43.2 | 44.3 | – | 48.2 | 50.5 | – |
| Metformin+DPP-4i | 30.4 | 27.5 | – | 26.9 | 26.6 | – |
| Metformin+SGLT-2i | 7.9 | 10.2 | – | 4.5 | 5.5 | – |
| Metformin+TZD | 5.5 | 6.6 | – | 5.3 | 3.8 | – |
| DPP-4i+SU | 4.9 | 6.2 | – | 8.5 | 8.3 | – |
| Others | 8.1 | 5.1 | – | 6.5 | 5.3 | – |
| Comorbidities (selected), % | ||||||
| Hyperlipidemia | 67.5 | 65.1 | −0.05 | 66.6 | 66.1 | −0.01 |
| Hypertension | 65.5 | 63.4 | −0.04 | 67.3 | 66.8 | −0.01 |
| Obesity | 27.9 | 25.5 | −0.06 | 22.6 | 20.9 | −0.04 |
| Depression | 11.3 | 11.7 | 0.01 | 12.6 | 11.8 | −0.02 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 10.9 | 10.8 | −0.01 | 11.3 | 12.3 | 0.03 |
| Anxiety | 6.8 | 5.7 | −0.05 | 4.8 | 4.3 | −0.02 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 5.8 | 4.3 | −0.07 | 6.8 | 5.8 | −0.04 |
| Renal | 5.5 | 4.7 | −0.03 | 6.8 | 6.5 | −0.01 |
| Cerebrovascular | 3.4 | 2.5 | −0.06 | 3.3 | 3.0 | −0.01 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 3.2 | 4.3 | 0.06 | 4.8 | 4.5 | −0.01 |
| Stroke/TIA | 3.2 | 2.3 | −0.06 | 3.0 | 2.8 | −0.01 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 3.0 | 2.6 | −0.02 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 0.01 |
| Cardiovascular | 2.8 | 3.4 | 0.03 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 0.04 |
| Type of payer, % | ||||||
| Commercial | 84.0 | 84.9 | 0.03 | 81.7 | 80.7 | −0.03 |
| Medicare | 16.0 | 15.1 | −0.03 | 18.3 | 19.3 | 0.03 |
| Health plan, % | ||||||
| Preferred provider organization | 50.0 | 49.6 | −0.01 | 41.2 | 45.7 | 0.09 |
| Comprehensive | 12.8 | 12.1 | −0.02 | 14.8 | 13.3 | −0.04 |
| Health maintenance organization | 12.6 | 13.4 | 0.02 | 17.3 | 15.1 | −0.06 |
| Consumer-driven health plan | 9.2 | 9.1 | −0.01 | 9.0 | 8.8 | −0.01 |
| Other/unknown | 15.3 | 15.8 | – | 17.6 | 17.1 | – |
Data are mean (SD) except where otherwise stated.
The Adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index is based on a scale ranging from 0 to 2 for each complication as follows: 0=no abnormality, 1=some abnormality, 2=severe abnormality. Each patient receives one score from each of the seven complication categories. The higher score is used when a patient has more than one condition in a given category. After summing scores from all seven categories, a patient may have a total score from 0 to a maximum of 13.
The Quan-Charlson Comorbidity Index score is computed by adding the weights that are assigned to the specific diagnoses. Each diagnosis is only counted once. The minimum possible score is 0 and the maximum possible score is 24.
Cardiovascular comorbidities were congestive heart failure, acute or old myocardial infarction, and stable or unstable angina.
Renal comorbidities included chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease, renal failure, renal osteodystrophy, kidney transplant and dialysis.
*Matching performed for HbA1c expressed as percentages only.
AGI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; DPP-4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; OAD, oral antidiabetic drug; SGLT-2i, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor; SMD, standardized mean difference; SU, sulfonylurea; TIA, transient ischemic attack; TZD, thiazolidinedione.