Baseline characteristics of incident type 2 diabetes over time
| Characteristics | Total | Index years | |||
| 2003–2005 | 2006–2008 | 2009–2011 | 2012–2014 | ||
| (N=135 199) | (n=32 150) | (n=33 377) | (n=35 980) | (n=33 692) | |
| Age at index (years) | 57.8 (13.2) | 58.3 (13.5) | 57.5 (13.3) | 57.8 (13.1) | 57.5 (13.2) |
| 20–39 | 11 387 (8.4) | 2568 (8.0) | 2851 (8.5) | 3018 (8.4) | 2950 (8.8) |
| 40–49 | 25 372 (18.8) | 6079 (18.9) | 6558 (19.6) | 6582 (18.3) | 6153 (18.3) |
| 50–59 | 38 999 (28.8) | 9007 (28) | 9748 (29.2) | 10 450 (29.0) | 9794 (29.1) |
| 60–69 | 32 730 (24.2) | 7441 (23.1) | 7671 (23.0) | 9002 (25.0) | 8616 (25.6) |
| 70–79 | 19 219 (14.2) | 4919 (15.3) | 4682 (14.0) | 5067 (14.1) | 4551 (13.5) |
| 80+ | 7492 (5.5) | 2136 (6.6) | 1867 (5.6) | 1861 (5.2) | 1628 (4.8) |
| Women | 64 347 (47.6) | 15 007 (46.7) | 15 636 (46.8) | 17 209 (47.8) | 16 495 (49.0) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 48 629 (36.0) | 12 813 (39.9) | 12 699 (38.0) | 12 596 (35.0) | 10 521 (31.2) |
| Hispanic | 47 121 (34.9) | 9714 (30.2) | 11 321 (33.9) | 13 164 (36.6) | 12 922 (38.4) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 16 874 (12.5) | 3152 (9.8) | 3714 (11.1) | 4932 (13.7) | 5076 (15.1) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 16 809 (12.4) | 4106 (12.8) | 3962 (11.9) | 4302 (12.0) | 4439 (13.2) |
| Other/unknown | 5766 (4.3) | 2365 (7.4) | 1681 (5.0) | 986 (2.7) | 734 (2.2) |
| Insurance type | |||||
| Commercial | 93 367 (69.1) | 21 400 (66.6) | 23 208 (69.5) | 25 051 (69.6) | 23 708 (70.4) |
| Medicare | 36 547 (27) | 9412 (29.3) | 8730 (26.2) | 9599 (26.7) | 8806 (26.1) |
| Others (Medicaid, private pay) | 5285 (3.9) | 1338 (4.2) | 1439 (4.3) | 1330 (3.7) | 1178 (3.5) |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 32.1 (7.0) | 31.5 (7.2) | 31.9 (7.0) | 32.1 (6.9) | 32.4 (7.1) |
| <25 | 12 074 (8.9) | 371 (1.2) | 3442 (10.3) | 4342 (12.1) | 3919 (11.6) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 30 276 (22.4) | 732 (2.3) | 8193 (24.5) | 11 270 (31.3) | 10 081 (29.9) |
| 30.0–34.9 | 27 667 (20.5) | 585 (1.8) | 7183 (21.5) | 10 351 (28.8) | 9548 (28.3) |
| 35+ | 27 580 (20.4) | 603 (1.9) | 7071 (21.2) | 9884 (27.5) | 10 022 (29.7) |
| Missing | 37 602 (27.8) | 29 859 (92.9) | 7488 (22.4) | 133 (0.4) | 122 (0.4) |
| Smoking status* | |||||
| Current | 12 992 (9.6) | 3112 (9.7) | 3533 (10.6) | 3483 (9.7) | 2864 (8.5) |
| Former | 34 690 (25.7) | 6096 (19) | 8280 (24.8) | 10 627 (29.5) | 9687 (28.8) |
| Never | 82 803 (61.2) | 18 742 (58.3) | 21 153 (63.4) | 21 815 (60.6) | 21 093 (62.6) |
| Missing | 4714 (3.5) | 4200 (13.0) | 411 (1.2) | 55 (0.1) | 48 (0.1) |
| Hemoglobin A1C* | 7.7 (2.1) | 7.5 (2.2) | 7.8 (2.2) | 7.7 (2.0) | 7.6 (1.9) |
| Missing | 18 164 (13.4) | 5767 (17.9) | 5717 (17.1) | 4399 (12.2) | 2281 (6.8) |
| Fasting plasma glucose* | 150.3 (60.6) | 157.3 (62.3) | 156.2 (62.6) | 149.2 (59.7) | 138.2 (55.4) |
| Missing | 20 421 (15.1) | 5229 (16.3) | 4196 (12.6) | 3998 (11.1) | 6998 (20.8) |
| Number of antihyperglycemic agent† | |||||
| None | 70 746 (52.3) | 17 614 (54.8) | 16 213 (48.6) | 18 253 (50.7) | 18 666 (55.4) |
| 1 | 59 850 (44.3) | 13 548 (42.1) | 15 655 (46.9) | 16 581 (46.1) | 14 066 (41.7) |
| 2 | 4449 (3.3) | 953 (3) | 1461 (4.4) | 1110 (3.1) | 925 (2.7) |
| 3+ | 154 (0.1) | 35 (0.1) | 48 (0.1) | 36 (0.1) | 35 (0.1) |
| Other cardiovascular medications‡ | 44 772 (33.1) | 9101 (28.3) | 10 608 (31.8) | 12 907 (35.9) | 12 156 (36.1) |
| Hypertension | 84 565 (62.5) | 19 700 (61.3) | 22 021 (66) | 22 830 (63.5) | 20 014 (59.4) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 90 541 (67.0) | 17 951 (55.8) | 22 625 (67.8) | 26 243 (72.9) | 23 722 (70.4) |
| Lipid levels (mg/dL)* | |||||
| Total cholesterol | 200.4 (49.5) | 210.3 (50.4) | 204.1 (51.0) | 197.7 (48.2) | 190.4 (46.4) |
| LDL-C | 116.8 (37.7) | 123.1 (37.8) | 119.0 (37.4) | 114.8 (37.5) | 111.0 (37.0) |
| HDL-C | 45.4 (12.1) | 45.8 (13.0) | 44.5 (11.8) | 45.9 (11.9) | 45.6 (11.7) |
| Triglycerides | 205.9 (224.1) | 225.8 (257.2) | 211.1 (244.3) | 198.3 (201.6) | 191.4 (191.1) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)* | 84.5 (22.4) | 84.5 (23.8) | 82.6 (22.6) | 84.8 (21.6) | 86.1 (21.3) |
| <60 | 18 072 (13.4) | 4598 (14.3) | 5128 (15.4) | 4520 (12.6) | 3826 (11.4) |
| 60–89 | 54 209 (40.1) | 12 226 (38) | 13 752 (41.2) | 14 836 (41.2) | 13 395 (39.8) |
| 90+ | 59 277 (43.8) | 13 982 (43.5) | 13 603 (40.8) | 15 854 (44.1) | 15 838 (47) |
| Missing | 3641 (2.7) | 1344 (4.2) | 894 (2.7%) | 770 (2.1%) | 633 (1.9%) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Score | |||||
| 1 | 55 609 (41.1) | 10 628 (33.1) | 10 668 (32) | 17 824 (49.5) | 16 489 (48.9) |
| 2 | 37 848 (28.0) | 10 888 (33.9) | 9132 (27.4) | 9143 (25.4) | 8685 (25.8) |
| 3+ | 41 742 (30.9) | 10 634 (33.1) | 13 577 (40.7) | 9013 (25.1) | 8518 (25.3) |
| Healthcare use | |||||
| Inpatient visits§ | |||||
| None | 118 870 (87.9) | 27 787 (86.4) | 29 237 (87.6) | 31 768 (88.3) | 30 078 (89.3) |
| 1–2 | 14 187 (10.5) | 3734 (11.6) | 3559 (10.7) | 3709 (10.3) | 3185 (9.5) |
| 3+ | 2142 (1.6) | 629 (2.0) | 581 (1.7) | 503 (1.4) | 429 (1.3) |
| Outpatient visits§ | |||||
| None | 7226 (5.3) | 1770 (5.5) | 1954 (5.9) | 1846 (5.1) | 1656 (4.9) |
| 1–4 | 37 037 (27.4) | 8403 (26.1) | 9335 (28.0) | 9956 (27.7) | 9343 (27.7) |
| 5–11 | 44 125 (32.6) | 11 339 (35.3) | 11 201 (33.6) | 12 369 (34.4) | 11 902 (35.3) |
| 12+ | 46 811 (34.6) | 10 638 (33.1) | 10 887 (32.6) | 11 809 (32.8) | 10 791 (32.0) |
| Emergency department visits§ | |||||
| None | 96 747 (71.6) | 21 869 (68) | 24 220 (72.6) | 26 109 (72.6) | 24 549 (72.9) |
| 1–2 | 32 303 (23.9) | 8466 (26.3) | 7750 (23.2) | 8477 (23.6) | 7610 (22.6) |
| 3+ | 6149 (4.5) | 1815 (5.6) | 1407 (4.2) | 1394 (3.9) | 1533 (4.6) |
Data is either n (%) or mean (SD).
*Closest to the index date.
†On or 6 months after the index date.
‡6 months before index date.
§2 years prior to the index date; other variables were determined using the 2.5 years of baseline data.
BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.