Characteristics of the study population (N=850)
| Characteristic | N (%)/mean (SD)/median (Q1; Q3) |
| Sex, female | 440 (51.9) |
| Age, years | 61 (54; 67) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.2 (24.0; 29.5) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 94.5 (85.9; 103.1) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 37 (34; 44) |
| Glucose metabolism status | |
| Normal | 475 (56.1) |
| Pre-diabetes | 118 (13.9) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 252 (29.8) |
| Other diabetes types | 2 (0.2) |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.1 (1.1) |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.2 (0.9; 1.7) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 84.1 (73.3; 93.1) |
| Hypertension | 581 (68.6) |
| History of CVD | 162 (19.2) |
| Smoking | |
| Never | 324 (38.3) |
| Former | 397 (46.9) |
| Current | 125 (14.8) |
| Alcohol consumption* | |
| None | 187 (22.1) |
| Low | 469 (55.4) |
| High | 190 (22.5) |
| Glucose-lowering drugs | 191 (22.5) |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 304 (35.9) |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 334 (39.4) |
| NSAIDs | 74 (8.7) |
| NCV | |
| Tibial nerve, m/s | 43.4 (4.9) |
| Sural nerve, m/s | 47.6 (5.6) |
| Peroneal nerve, m/s | 45.4 (4.7) |
| Sural SNAP amplitude (µV) | 10.6 (6.7) |
Continuous data are given as mean (SD) or median (IQR). Categorical variables are given as numbers and percentages (%).
Missing values: sex (n=3); age (n=3); BMI (n=3); waist circumference (n=3); HbA1c (n=3); glucose metabolism status (n=3); total cholesterol (n=3); triglycerides (n=3); hypertension (n=3); history of CVD (n=5); smoking (n=4); alcohol consumption (n=4); glucose-lowering drugs (n=3); lipid-lowering drugs (n=3); antihypertensive drugs (n=3); NSAIDs (n=3); tibial NCV (n=79); sural NCV (n=242); peroneal NCV (n=35); sural SNAP amplitude (n=235).
Missing values were excluded from percentage calculations and from calculations of mean (SD) or median (IQR).
*None defined as 0 glasses/week; low defined as ≤7 glasses/week for women and ≤14 glasses/week for men; high defined as >7 glasses/week for women and >14 glasses/week for men.
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; NCV, nerve conduction velocity; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SNAP, sensory nerve action potential.