Non-HRH population (n=339 188) | HRH population (n=2871) | Study population (N=342 059) | P value | ||||
Patients (n) | % | Patients (n) | % | Patients (n) | % | ||
Sex | 0.325 | ||||||
Male | 334 814 | 99 | 2828 | 99 | 337 642 | 99 | |
Female | 4374 | 1 | 43 | 1 | 4417 | 1 | |
Race | <0.001 | ||||||
White | 292 495 | 86 | 2162 | 75 | 294 657 | 86 | |
Black | 36 307 | 11 | 612 | 21 | 36 919 | 11 | |
Hispanic | 5151 | 2 | 55 | 2 | 5206 | 2 | |
Asian | 1283 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 1297 | 0 | |
Other | 3952 | 1 | 28 | 1 | 3980 | 1 | |
Age (years) | <0.001 | ||||||
64–74 | 203 585 | 60 | 1332 | 46 | 204 917 | 60 | |
75+ | 135 603 | 40 | 1539 | 54 | 137 142 | 40 | |
Diabetes medication use | |||||||
Insulin | <0.001 | ||||||
No | 262 008 | 77 | 1445 | 50 | 263 453 | 77 | |
Yes | 77 180 | 23 | 1426 | 50 | 78 606 | 23 | |
Metformin | <0.001 | ||||||
No | 165 771 | 49 | 1685 | 59 | 167 456 | 49 | |
Yes | 173 417 | 51 | 1186 | 41 | 174 603 | 51 | |
Sulfonylurea | <0.001 | ||||||
No | 157 968 | 47 | 1007 | 35 | 158 975 | 47 | |
Yes | 181 220 | 53 | 1864 | 65 | 183 084 | 54 | |
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 0.013 | ||||||
No | 332 630 | 98 | 2797 | 97 | 335 427 | 98 | |
Yes | 6558 | 2 | 74 | 3 | 6632 | 2 | |
Thiazolidinedione | <0.001 | ||||||
No | 283 997 | 84 | 2258 | 79 | 286 255 | 84 | |
Yes | 55 191 | 16 | 613 | 21 | 55 804 | 16 | |
Other medications* | 0.512 | ||||||
No | 333 948 | 98 | 2831 | 99 | 336 779 | 98 | |
Yes | 5240 | 2 | 40 | 1 | 5280 | 2 | |
Average A1c (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
<6 | 38 233 | 11 | 175 | 6 | 38 408 | 11 | |
6–6.9 | 157 548 | 46 | 878 | 31 | 158 426 | 46 | |
7–7.9 | 97 676 | 29 | 1015 | 35 | 98 691 | 29 | |
8–8.9 | 32 664 | 10 | 496 | 17 | 33 160 | 10 | |
≥9 | 13 067 | 4 | 307 | 11 | 13 374 | 4 | |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | <0.001 | ||||||
<0.6 | 298 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 301 | 0 | |
0.6–1.2 | 188 122 | 55 | 1027 | 36 | 189 149 | 55 | |
>1.2 | 141 253 | 42 | 1780 | 62 | 143 033 | 42 | |
Missing† | 9515 | 3 | 61 | 2 | 9576 | 3 | |
Urine albumin to creatinine ratio (mg/g) | <0.001 | ||||||
<30 | 93 900 | 28 | 530 | 18 | 94 430 | 28 | |
30–300 | 43 612 | 13 | 494 | 17 | 44 106 | 13 | |
>300 | 6607 | 2 | 114 | 4 | 6721 | 2 | |
Missing† | 195 069 | 58 | 1733 | 60 | 196 802 | 58 | |
Serum albumin (g/dL) | <0.001 | ||||||
<3.5 | 20 665 | 6 | 366 | 13 | 21 031 | 6 | |
≥3.5 | 282 093 | 83 | 2273 | 79 | 284 366 | 83 | |
Missing† | 36 430 | 11 | 232 | 8 | 36 662 | 11 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | <0.001 | ||||||
<18.5 | 413 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 422 | 0 | |
18.5–24.9 | 40 730 | 12 | 422 | 15 | 41 152 | 12 | |
25–29 | 129 697 | 38 | 1078 | 38 | 130 775 | 38 | |
30–39 | 138 732 | 41 | 1139 | 40 | 139 871 | 41 | |
≥40 | 14 854 | 4 | 117 | 4 | 14 971 | 4 | |
Missing† | 14 762 | 4 | 106 | 4 | 14 868 | 4 | |
Service-connected disability† (%) | 0.898 | ||||||
<50 | 292 564 | 86 | 2474 | 86 | 295 038 | 86 | |
≥50 | 46 623 | 14 | 397 | 14 | 47 020 | 14 | |
Missing† | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Financial means test | <0.001 | ||||||
Exempt | 104 110 | 31 | 1039 | 36 | 105 149 | 31 | |
Copayment required | 98 130 | 29 | 717 | 25 | 98 847 | 29 | |
Missing† | 136 948 | 40 | 1115 | 39 | 138 063 | 40 |
*Other medications: amylin analog, bile acid sequestrants, dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors, dopamine receptor agonist, glucagon-like peptide, meglitinides, and sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitor.
†Values missing from source database.
HRH, hypoglycemia-related hospitalization.