Baseline characteristics
| Type 1 diabetes (n=280) | Type 2 diabetes (n=155) | |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 50.1 (±14.9) | 62.5 (±11.6) |
| Sex, n (%), female | 129 (46.1) | 54 (34.8) |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 25.9 (±4.3) | 30.2 (±6.1) |
| Level of education, n (%)* | ||
| Low | 9 (3.4) | 4 (3.0) |
| Middle | 98 (37.0) | 73 (54.5) |
| High | 158 (59.6) | 57 (42.5) |
| Living situation, n (%) | ||
| Alone | 41 (15.5) | 23 (17.2) |
| Co-habitating | 242 (84.5) | 111 (82.8) |
| Duration of diabetes, mean (SD), years | 27.5 (±15.1) | 15.8 (±9.3) |
| Glucose-lowering medication, n (%) | ||
| None | 1 (0.4) | 6 (4.0) |
| Metformin | 11 (4.0) | 105 (67.7) |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors | 0 (0.0) | 15 (9.7) |
| Sulfonylurea derivatives | 1 (0.4) | 38 (24.5) |
| GLP-1 receptor antagonists | 1 (0.4) | 25 (16.1) |
| Basal insulin only | 8 (3.0) | 25 (18.9) |
| Basal-bolus insulin regimen | 256 (96.6) | 49 (37.1) |
| Glucose monitoring, n (%) | ||
| None | 3 (1.1) | 29 (21.6) |
| Blood glucose monitoring only | 62 (23.4) | 91 (67.9) |
| Flash or continuous glucose monitoring | 200 (75.5) | 14 (10.5) |
| Complications, n (%) | ||
| None | 58 (20.7) | 21 (13.6) |
| Retinopathy | 189 (68.2) | 86 (56.2) |
| Laser coagulation | 61 (22.1) | 19 (12.5) |
| GFR ≥G2† | 120 (44.4) | 92 (67.7) |
| Albuminuria (A1–A3) | 27 (12.2) | 33 (30.6) |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 69 (25.4) | 62 (40.0) |
| Cardiovascular complications‡ | 66 (23.9) | 77 (49.7) |
| Kidney transplantation, n (%) | 3 (1.1) | 3 (1.9) |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | ||
| Systolic blood pressure | 133 (±18) | 138 (±17) |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 78 (±8) | 79 (±9) |
| Blood pressure-lowering medication, n (%) | ||
| None | 171 (61.7) | 45 (29.0) |
| ACE inhibitors | 59 (21.3) | 41 (26.5) |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 25 (9.0) | 43 (27.7) |
| Calcium antagonists | 36 (13.0) | 232 (20.7) |
| Alpha blockers | 5 (1.8) | 15 (9.7) |
| Beta blockers | 30 (10.8) | 50 (32.3) |
| Diuretics | 39 (14.1) | 38 (24.5) |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists | 7 (2.5) | 4 (2.6) |
| LDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/mol | 2.41 (±0.78) | 2.25 (±1.01) |
| Lipid-lowering medication, n (%) | ||
| None | 164 (59.2) | 61 (39.4) |
| Statins | 109 (39.4) | 92 (59.7) |
| Ezetimibe | 11 (4.0) | 11 (7.1) |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||
| No | 239 (89.5) | 126 (88.7) |
| Occasional§ | 7 (2.6) | 3 (2.1) |
| Regular¶ | 21 (7.9) | 13 (9.2) |
| Pulmonary comorbidities, n (%) | ||
| Asthma, COPD or lung fibrosis | 16 (5.8) | 20 (12.9) |
| Other medication, n (%) | ||
| Immunosuppressive agents | 14 (5.1) | 13 (8.4) |
| Antidepressive agents | 17 (6.2) | 12 (7.7) |
*Education: low (elementary school), intermediate (elementary school plus high school and practical education), high (college or university).
†Measure for chronic kidney function, GFR ≥G2=GFR ≤89 mL/min/1.73 m2.28
‡Myocardial infarction/PCI/peripheral vascular disease/stroke/TIA/heart failure or amputation of toe/foot/leg.
§Occasional smoking ≥1×/week.29
¶Regular smoking ≥1×/day.29
BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; ; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SGLT-2, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2; TIA, transient ischemic attack.