Baseline characteristics of study patients
| Group A (N=3395) | Group B (N=1755) | P value† | ||
| Sex, n (%) | Male | 2098 (61.8) | 1074 (61.2) | 0.675 |
| Female | 1297 (38.2) | 681 (38.8) | ||
| Age (years) | 65.0 (11.8) | 61.7 (12.5) | <0.001*** | |
| Duration of type 2 diabetes (years) | 9.55 (8.33) | 7.34 (7.70) | <0.001*** | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | No | 1752 (51.6) | 855 (48.7) | <0.001*** |
| Current | 616 (18.1) | 402 (22.9) | ||
| Previous | 1027 (30.3) | 498 (28.4) | ||
| Height (cm) | 161.1 (9.3) | 161.8 (9.2) | 0.012* | |
| Weight (kg) | 65.12 (14.21) | 67.98 (15.00) | <0.001*** | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.99 (4.45) | 25.85 (4.62) | <0.001*** | |
| HbA1c (%)‡ | 7.58 (1.274) | 7.86 (1.626) | <0.001*** | |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 153.9 (51.32) | 157.2 (52.15) | 0.136 | |
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 9.33 (9.63) | 10.46 (11.71) | 0.140 | |
| Casual blood glucose (mg/dL) | 175.7 (68.71) | 186.9 (75.62) | <0.001*** | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131.3 (16.90) | 133.0 (18.37) | 0.009** | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.6 (11.50) | 76.8 (12.81) | <0.001*** | |
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 77.3 (12.44) | 77.1 (12.80) | 0.719 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 187.9 (34.94) | 195.6 (39.50) | <0.001*** | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.8 (17.70) | 54.1 (21.70) | 0.369 | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 109.2 (31.11) | 115.5 (33.84) | <0.001*** | |
| Fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) | 136.7 (84.12) | 143.7 (92.88) | 0.060 | |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.832 (1.744) | 0.796 (0.943) | 0.394 | |
| Urinary albumin (mg/g·Cre) | 91.37 (337.54) | 103.12 (355.48) | 0.229 |
Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise specified.
*p<0.05, ** p<0.01 and ≥0.001, and ***p<0.001.
†Patients were compared between group A and group B for sex, and smoking status by χ2 test, for urinary albumin by Wilcoxon rank-sum test and for the other categories by t-test.
‡% of mean HbA1c was converted to mmol/mol as 59 and 62, respectively.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.