Changes in HbA1c and psychological measures over 12-month follow-up in participants with PHQ-9 ≥5 or GAD-7 ≥10 (ie, at least mild symptoms of depression or anxiety) (n=22)
| Measure | Baseline | 12 months | Net change: baseline to 12 months | P value |
| Those with at least mild symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥5 or GAD-7 ≥10) | ||||
| Baseline HbA1c, mmol/mol, mean (SD) | 82.1 (17.7) | 75.5 (13.9) | −6.6 | 0.07 |
| Baseline PHQ-9 score, mean (SD) | 6 (2.5) | 4.3 (1.5) | −1.7 | 0.129 |
| Baseline GAD-7 score, mean (SD) | 5.8 (3.8) | 1.5 (1.7) | −4.3 | 0.031 |
| Baseline DDS score, mean (SD) | 48.8 (11.3) | 45.4 (9.6) | −3.4 | 0.37 |
| Those who did not have significant symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥5 or GAD-7 ≥10) | ||||
| Baseline HbA1c, mmol/mol, mean (SD) | 95.4 (15.5) | 91.1 (16.1) | −4.3 | 0.18 |
| Baseline PHQ-9 score, mean (SD) | 1 (1.2) | 3.9 (5.2) | +2.9 | 0.028 |
| Baseline GAD-7 score, mean (SD) | 0.5 (0.7) | 0 (0) | −4.3 | 0.114 |
| Baseline DDS score, mean (SD) | 48.8 (11.3) | 45.4 (9.6) | −3.4 | 0.5 |
Values in bold are those with a statistically significant (p<0.05) change from baseline to 12 months.
DDS, Diabetes Distress Scale; GAD-7, Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (a measure of symptoms of anxiety); PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire (a measure of depressive symptoms).