Table 1

Longitudinal clinical characteristics and neuropsychological tests of patients with T2DM and of HCs

	Time	Patients	HC	t/χ²	P value
Gender (male/female)	Baseline	16/11	19/17	0.262	0.608
Age (years)	Baseline	55.037±7.633	52.250±6.942	1.511	0.136
Education (years)	Baseline	11.815±3.270	10.861±2.850	1.234	0.222
BMI (kg/m²)	Baseline	25.950±2.093	24.584±3.064	1.994	0.051
BMI (kg/m²)	Follow-up	25.664±1.938	24.855±3.099	1.270	0.209
BP (HBP/normal)	Baseline	8/19	4/32	3.431	0.064
BP (HBP/normal)	Follow-up	17/10	14/22	3.578	0.059
HbA1c (%)	Baseline	8.715±2.244	5.572±0.324	6.824	<0.001*
HbA1c (%)	Follow-up	7.589±1.849	5.650±0.427	5.331	<0.001*
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	Baseline	70.407±24.943	37.472±3.558	6.809	<0.001*
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	Follow-up	59.407±20.140	38.281±4.658	5.332	<0.001*
FBG (mmol/L)	Baseline	8.001±2.313	5.086±0.611	6.284	<0.001*
FBG (mmol/L)	Follow-up	9.158±3.813	6.218±0.996	3.833	0.001*
TC (mmol/L)	Baseline	5.167±1.603	5.351±0.925	−0.573	0.569
TC (mmol/L)	Follow-up	5.550±1.567	5.555±1.132	−0.014	0.989
TG (mmol/L)	Baseline	2.236±1.832	1.529±0.689	1.906	0.066
TG (mmol/L)	Follow-up	2.093±1.574	1.703±0.881	1.199	0.235
HDL (mmol/L)	Baseline	1.060±0.226	1.237±0.254	−2.864	0.006*
HDL (mmol/L)	Follow-up	1.269±0.330	1.337±0.284	0.852	0.398
LDL (mmol/L)	Baseline	3.192±1.035	3.431±0.837	−1.013	0.315
LDL (mmol/L)	Follow-up	3.674±1.090	3.647±0.866	0.108	0.914
MMSE	Baseline	29.222±1.013	29.500±0.941	−1.122	0.266
MMSE	Δr	0.026±0.044	0.048±0.061	1.604	0.114
AVLT short-term	Baseline	47.333±8.062	49.743±9.915	−1.027	0.308
AVLT short-term	Δr	−0.048±0.187	−0.068±0.167	0.447	0.657
AVLT long-term	Baseline	10.615±2.714	11.265±2.711	−0.919	0.362
AVLT long-term	Δr	−0.093±0.243	−0.034±0.333	−0.760	0.450
DST forward	Baseline	8.370±1.214	8.200±1.079	0.584	0.562
DST forward	Δr	−0.033±0.137	−0.002±0.126	−0.899	0.372
DST backward	Baseline	5.482±1.221	5.194±1.261	0.906	0.368
DST backward	Δr	−0.047±0.251	0.090±0.335	−1.788	0.079
SAS	Baseline	32.593±6.154	31.250±5.022	0.953	0.344
SAS	Follow-up	36.574±7.910	37.076±8.171	0.245	0.808
SDS	Baseline	33.482±6.880	31.028±4.878	1.657	0.103
SDS	Follow-up	37.732±10.006	38.333±10.133	0.235	0.815

χ² test for gender and BP (n). Two-sample t-test for normally distributed continuous data (mean±SD).
*Indicates a significant difference between groups (p<0.05).
AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DST, digit span test; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HBP, high blood pressure; HCs, healthy controls; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; Δr, 5-year change rate; SAS, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS, Self-Rating Depressive Scale; TC, total cholesterol; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TG, triglyceride.