Final models for adherence to individual diabetic care practices by selected variables
| Variables | Daily blood glucose check (n=30 516; N=12 991 686) | Daily foot check (n=30 244; N=12 861 213) | Annual eye examination (n=30 529; N=13 018 532) | Annual cholesterol check (n=30 371; N=12 884 320) |
| Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | |
| Body mass index (BMI)† | ||||
| Underweight/normal weight versus obese | 0.91 (0.78 to 1.06) | 0.80 (0.69 to 0.93) | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.08) | 0.61 (0.47 to 0.78) |
| Overweight versus obese | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.06) | 0.89 (0.80 to 1.00) | 1.01 (0.88 to 1.15) | 0.95 (0.77 to 1.17) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic (NH) Black versus NH White | 1.47 (1.25 to 1.73) | 1.52 (1.32 to 1.75) | 1.35 (1.15 to 1.57) | 1.03 (0.79 to 1.34) |
| Hispanic versus NH White | 1.27 (0.99 to 1.63) | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.09) | 1.00 (0.79 to 1.26) | 1.07 (0.76 to 1.51) |
| NH other versus NH White | 0.84 (0.67 to 1.05) | 0.81 (0.66 to 0.99) | 1.16 (0.93 to 1.45) | 0.73 (0.51 to 1.05) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Widowed versus couple | 1.10 (0.95 to 1.28) | 0.88 (0.76 to 1.02) | 0.99 (0.84 to 1.16) | 1.31 (1.01 to 1.69) |
| Divorced/separated/never married versus couple‡ | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.02) | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.07) | 0.84 (0.74 to 0.95) | 0.88 (0.71 to 1.08) |
| Education | ||||
| High school (HS) versus <HS | 0.97 (0.80 to 1.18) | 1.22 (1.03 to 1.44) | 1.29 (1.08 to 1.54) | 0.95 (0.67 to 1.34) |
| Some college/technical versus <HS | 0.86 (0.71 to 1.05) | 1.26 (1.06 to 1.51) | 1.26 (1.05 to 1.52) | 0.88 (0.61 to 1.27) |
| College versus <HS | 0.78 (0.64 to 0.95) | 1.07 (0.89 to 1.29) | 1.56 (1.29 to 1.89) | 1.10 (0.73 to 1.64) |
| Employment | ||||
| Home maker/student/retired versus employed | 1.16 (1.02 to 1.33) | 1.07 (0.94 to 1.21) | 1.84 (1.61 to 2.10) | 2.07 (1.69 to 2.54) |
| Unemployed/unable to work versus employed | 1.46 (1.22 to 1.74) | 1.36 (1.15 to 1.59) | 1.22 (1.04 to 1.45) | 1.25 (0.96 to 1.63) |
| Alcohol intake in the past 30 days | ||||
| Yes versus no | 0.69 (0.62 to 0.78) | 0.83 (0.75 to 0.93) | 1.02 (0.91 to 1.15) | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.09) |
| Self-reported general health | ||||
| Good/better versus fair/poor | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.11) | 0.96 (0.86 to 1.07) | 1.33 (1.18 to 1.50) | 0.89 (0.73 to 1.09) |
| Healthcare coverage§ | ||||
| Yes versus no | 1.74 (1.36 to 2.22) | 1.06 (0.84 to 1.34) | 2.32 (1.86 to 2.90) | 3.05 (2.30 to 4.06) |
| Personal doctor/healthcare provider | ||||
| Yes versus no | 1.44 (1.09 to 1.90) | 1.28 (1.01 to 1.62) | 1.54 (1.23 to 1.94) | 3.56 (2.73 to 4.66) |
| Exercise in the past 30 days | ||||
| Yes versus no | 1.37 (1.23 to 1.54) | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.26) | 1.19 (1.06 to 1.33) | 1.13 (0.93 to 1.38) |
| Current insulin user¶ | ||||
| Yes versus no | 8.57 (7.35 to 9.98) | 1.41 (1.26 to 1.57) | 1.53 (1.36 to 1.73) | 1.25 (1.01 to 1.55) |
| History of retinopathy | ||||
| Yes versus no | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.38) | 1.05 (0.92 to 1.21) | 1.19 (1.02 to 1.38) | 1.13 (0.88 to 1.46) |
*Adjusted for all other covariates in the table.
†BMI: underweight/normal weight: BMI<25, overweight: 25≤BMI<30, obese: BMI≥30.
‡Married or unmarried.
§Healthcare coverage: have health insurance, prepaid plans such as health maintenance organizations (HMOs), or government plans such as Medicare, or Indian Health Service.
¶Current insulin user: ‘Yes’ refers to individuals using insulin at the time of the survey, ‘No’ refers to individuals who never used insulin or only used it in the past.