Multiple linear regression models of sex and cognitive domains in the whole group and stratified by diabetes status*
| Model covariables | Global cognition | Language | Executive function | Episodic verbal memory | Episodic visual memory | Attention |
| β (female sex) (95% CI) | β (female sex) (95% CI) | β (female sex) (95% CI) | β (female sex) (95% CI) | β (female sex) (95% CI) | β (female sex) (95% CI) | |
| Age+education | 0.21 (0.16 to 0.26) | 0.08 (0.004 to 0.15) | 0.13 (0.05 to 0.20) | 0.68 (0.59 to 0.77) | 0.006 (−0.08 to 0.09) | 0.20 (0.11 to 0.28) |
| Age+education+ diabetes status | 0.21 (0.16 to 0.26) | 0.08 (0.004 to 0.15) | 0.13 (0.05 to 0.20) | 0.68 (0.59 to 0.77) | 0.006 (−0.07 to 0.09) | 0.20 (0.11 to 0.28) |
| Sex×diabetes interaction term (p) in above model | 0.34 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 0.21 | 0.88 | 0.12 |
| Age+education+race | 0.22 (0.17 to 0.26) | 0.08 (0.01 to 0.15) | 0.12 (0.05 to 0.20) | 0.67 (0.58 to 0.77) | 0.01 (−0.07 to 0.09) | 0.20 (0.12 to 0.29) |
| Age+education+race+ diabetes status | 0.22 (0.17 to 0.27) | 0.08 (0.02 to 0.15) | 0.13 (0.06 to 0.20) | 0.68 (0.58 to 0.77) | 0.007 (−0.07 to 0.09) | 0.20 (0.12 to 0.29) |
| Sex×diabetes interaction term (p) in above model | 0.35 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 0.22 | 0.88 | 0.11 |
| Age+education+race+PSQI+GDS score | 0.24 (0.18 to 0.29) | 0.10 (0.03 to 0.17) | 0.16 (0.08 to 0.23) | 0.71 (0.61 to 0.80) | 0.01 (−0.07 to 0.10) | 0.23 (0.14 to 0.31) |
| Age+education+race+ PSQI+GDS score+diabetes status | 0.24 (0.18 to 0.29) | 0.10 (0.03 to 0.17) | 0.16 (0.08 to 0.23) | 0.71 (0.61 to 0.81) | 0.007 (−0.08 to 0.09) | 0.22 (0.14 to 0.31) |
| Sex×diabetes interaction term (p) in above model | 0.64 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.52 | 0.79 | 0.28 |
| Age+education+race+PSQI+ GDS score+diabetes status+neuropathy+nephropathy+ retinopathy+stroke+MI+health literacy | 0.20 (0.15, 0.25) | 0.05 (−0.03 to 0.12) | 0.11 (0.04 to 0.18) | 0.67 (0.58 to 0.77) | −0.01 (−0.10 to 0.07) | 0.21 (0.12 to 0.30) |
| Diabetes status stratification | ||||||
| Type 1 diabetes* | 0.25 (0.18 to 0.31) | 0.09 (−0.002 to 0.19) | 0.15 (0.05 to 0.25) | 0.70 (0.58 to 0.83) | 0.01 (−0.10 to 0.13) | 0.28 (0.16 to 0.39) |
| Type 2 diabetes* | 0.19 (0.07 to 0.31) | 0.13 (−0.03 to 0.30) | 0.13 (−0.03 to 0.29) | 0.65 (0.42 to 0.87) | −0.05 (−0.21 to 0.11) | 0.15 (−0.07 to 0.37) |
| No diabetes* | 0.24 (0.13 to 0.35) | 0.08 (−0.07 to 0.24) | 0.19 (0.04 to 0.35) | 0.79 (0.59 to 1.00) | 0.05 (−0.14 to 0.24) | 0.14 (−0.05 to 0.33) |
Bold signifies p values≤0.05.
*Models adjusted for age, education, race, PSQI score and GDS score.
GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MI, myocardial infarction; PSQI, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index.