Table 1

General characteristics of study participants, by group

ControlsNew-onset T1DLong-standing T1DP value
N251219
Age (years)28 (24–31)25 (18–36)30 (20–38)0.6414
Gender female (%)11 (44.0)3 (23.1)12 (63.2)0.0760
Age at T1D onset (year)–25 (18–36)14 (9–23)0.0035
Disease duration–36 days (29-89)13.5 year (9.6–18.1)<0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)24.1 (22.4–26.4)20.7 (19.5–22.2)22.8 (21.1–23.8)0.0166*
BMI ≤18.49 kg/m20010.3711
18.50≤BMI≤24.99 kg/m21510150.2277
25≤BMI≤29.99 kg/m26220.5089
BMI≥30.0 kg/m24010.2200
Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL)1.43 (1.17–1.64)0.77 (0.36–1.09)0.20 (0.20–0.20)0.0001†
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)72 (67–79)114 (85–120)89 (74–155)0.0001‡
HbA1c (mmol/mol)31 (29–33)64 (48–76)56 (53–59)<0.0001§

  • Continuous variables are presented as median and IQR in parentheses; categorical variables are presented as frequency and per cent in parentheses.

  • *P=0.0077: new-onset T1D versus controls; p=0.1431: long-standing T1D versus controls; p=0.0962: new-onset T1D versus long-standing T1D.

  • †P=0.0002: new-onset T1D versus controls; p<0.0001: long-standing T1D versus controls; p<0.0001: new-onset T1D versus long-standing T1D.

  • ‡P<0.0001: new-onset T1D versus controls; p=0.0010: long-standing T1D versus controls; p=0.1320: new-onset T1D versus long-standing T1D.

  • §P<0.0001: new-onset T1D versus controls; p<0.0001: long-standing T1D versus controls; p=0.3373: new-onset T1D versus long-standing T1D.

  • BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; T1D, type 1 diabetes.