Baseline characteristics of the patient with SARS-CoV-2 according to glycosylated hemoglobin categories
| Parameter | Glycosylated hemoglobin (%) | P value | |||
| <5.7% (n=33) | Pre-diabetes (n=125) | T2DM (n=109) | U-T2DM (n=50) | ||
| Sex (male) | 26 (78.8) | 80 (64.0) | 76 (69.7) | 25 (50.0) | 0.031 |
| Age (years) | 45.0 (34.0–50.0) | 50.0 (42.5–61.0) | 57.0 (47.5–64.5) | 52.0 (44.0–62.0) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0 (26.1–31.7) | 29.7 (27.0–33.9) | 30.1 (26.7–33.8) | 30.4 (26.0–33.9) | 0.434 |
| Obesity (%) | 11 (34.4) | 57 (45.6) | 53 (48.6) | 26 (52.0) | 0.778 |
| Hypertension (%) | 6 (18.2) | 31 (24.8) | 51 (46.8) | 13 (26) | 0.001 |
| CKD (%) | 1 (3) | 2 (1.6) | 7 (6.4) | 1 (2.0) | 0.214 |
| CVD (%) | 2 (6.3) | 2 (1.6) | 9 (8.3) | 4 (8.0) | 0.111 |
| Smoke (%) | 8 (24.7) | 22 (17.6) | 24 (22.6) | 7 (14.0) | 0.494 |
| Charlson index | 0 (0–0.5) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–2) | <0.001 |
| T2D treatment (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 103 (94.5) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Metformin (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 80 (73.4) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Insulin (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 33 (30.3) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Time from symptom onset to clinical assessment (days) | 8.0 (6.5–9.5) | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 7.0 (4.0–10.0) | 7.0 (6.0–12.0) | 0.499 |
| Pneumonia (%) | 25 (100.0) | 99 (99.0) | 87 (98.7) | 35 (100.0) | 0.884 |
| IMV (%) | 5 (15.2) | 26 (20.8) | 24 (22.0) | 13 (26.0) | 0.695 |
| ICU (%) | 5 (15.2) | 51 (40.8) | 52 (47.7) | 31 (62.0) | <0.001 |
| Severe infection (%) | 5 (15.2) | 51 (40.8) | 52 (47.7) | 31 (62.0) | <0.001 |
| Time from symptom onset to death (days) | 16.0 (13.0–21.0) | 16 (12.0–22.0) | 17 (12.0–22.0) | 15.5 (12.0–26.0) | 0.994 |
| Death (%) | 2 (6.1) | 27 (21.6) | 34 (31.2) | 18 (36.0) | 0.006 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.8 (36.4–37.9) | 37.0 (36.4–37.8) | 37.0 (36.4–37.5) | 37.0 (36.5–37.5) | 0.676 |
| Respiratory rate | 26.0 (24.0–31.0) | 28.0 (24.0–35.0) | 30.0 (25.5–36.0) | 30.0 (26.5–36.0) | 0.093 |
| O2 saturation (%) | 87 (81.0–89.0) | 82.5 (70.0–88.0) | 82.5 (70.0–87.0) | 83.0 (60.7–85.0) | 0.011 |
| MAP (mm Hg) | 94.6 (86.5–100.0) | 91.8 (83.3–100.5) | 92.6 (85.3–100.9) | 94.6 (86.0–101.0) | 0.802 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 104.0 (98.0–118.0) | 114.0 (100.5–132.0) | 206 (141.0–311.5) | 181.5 (130.7–271.7) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 (5.4–5.6) | 6.0 (5.8–6.2) | 9.5 (7.7–11.1) | 7.3 (6.7–9.2) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c ≤7.0% | 33 (100) | 125 (100) | 21 (19.3) | 21 (42.0) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 125.5 (106.2–159.0) | 152.0 (117.0–194.5) | 173.5 (141.5–235.7) | 164.0 (112.0–204.0) | <0.001 |
| TyG index | 8.8 (8.6–9.0) | 9.1 (8.8–9.3) | 9.8 (9.3–10.4) | 9.4 (9.0–10.1) | <0.001 |
| ALT (UI/L) | 38.0 (26.6–55.0) | 40.5 (26.4–64.0) | 33.0 (20.5–54.2) | 34.2 (25.3–63.4) | 0.110 |
| AST (UI/L) | 40.5 (26.8–53.3) | 49.9 (35.4–68.4) | 39.0 (27.0–63.9) | 42.8 (27.8–56.2) | 0.043 |
| Albumin (mg/dL) | 3.9 (3.4–4.0) | 3.6 (3.3–3.8) | 3.5 (3.2–3.9) | 3.3 (3.2–3.8) | 0.002 |
| CRP | 14.4 (4.7–23.2) | 16.3 (9.1–25.0) | 16.3 (9.1–25.6) | 14.7 (9.1–23.9) | 0.601 |
| Lactate deshydrogenase (UI/L) | 348.0 (301.0–426.2) | 420.0 (317.0–548.0) | 383.0 (302.0–486.0) | 412.5 (319.7–529.7) | 0.059 |
| Fibrinogen | 700.0 (542.0–854.0) | 752.0 (605.5–896.0) | 734.0 (577.0–896.0) | 647.0 (481.2–872.7) | 0.286 |
| Lactate (mmol(L) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.5 (1.1-2-0) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) | 0.008 |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 242.3 (192.8–276.0) | 197.0 (124.0–250.0) | 181.0 (95.5–248.5) | 160.0 (99.3–232.2) | 0.003 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 627.8 (334.3–1108.8) | 649.4 (310.3–1021.4) | 766.4 (393.1–1233.9) | 564.1 (274.7–909.8) | 0.267 |
| Neutrophils-lymphocytes index | 7.9 (4.3–18.1) | 11.2 (6.4–18.1) | 8.6 (5.6–12.7) | 8.8 (5.7–15.5) | 0.091 |
| RT-PCR CT Threshold | 25.0 (22.7–30.2) | 26.0 (22.0–29.0) | 25.0 (22.0–29.0) | 27.0 (23.0–31.0) | 0.667 |
Data are expressed as mean (±SD) or median (IQR) for quantitative variables and frequencies and percentage for qualitative variables.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FiO2, fractional inspired oxygen; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; ICU, intensive care unit; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TyG, triglycerides and glucose index; U-T2DM, undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.