Characteristics of study variables in baseline and follow-up
| Variable | Baseline (2011) | Follow-up (2014) | P value* |
| Age, years | 53.71 (8.32) | 56.71 (8.32) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.15 (3.30) | 25.61 (3.36) | <0.001 |
| WC, cm | 86.43 (9.40) | 90.92 (9.30) | <0.001 |
| HC, cm | 97.24 (8.67) | 101.30 (7.27) | <0.001 |
| WHR | 0.89 (0.06) | 0.90 (0.06) | <0.001 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.61 (0.48) | 5.53 (0.48) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c | 5.75 (0.33) | 5.62 (0.33) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 7.29 (3.20) | 7.77 (3.49) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.11 (0.48) | 1.18 (0.53) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-%β | 79.35 (23.66) | 84.97 (25.58) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 224 (8.99) | 331 (13.28) | <0.001 |
| Drinking, n (%) | 240 (9.63) | 458 (18.37) | <0.001 |
Study variables are presented as mean (SD) or n (%).
*P value for the difference of variables between baseline and follow-up.
BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HC, hip circumference; HOMA-%β, homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist to hip ratio.