Main characteristics of the included studies
| Study, location | Quality rating by JBI | Study design (Follow-up Period) | Setting/ Sample population | Sources of missed appointments | Outcome | Operationalized definition of the outcome | Sources of associated factors | Factors that were statistically significant or mentioned in the article | ||||
| Self-report | Chart records | One appointment no-show | Missed appointment in a period of time | Patient characteristics | Healthcare system and provider factors | Patient care appraisal factors | ||||||
| Buys, 2019, AL, USA48 | Quan-High; Qual- High | Mixed-Methods (22 months) | A free DM clinic/ n=348 (cohort n=348, interview N=17) | v | Lost to follow-up to the most recent appointment | v | Medical records, interview | v | v | v | ||
| Garcia Diaz, 2017, Spain34 | High | Retrospective cohort study (58 months) | An endocrinology clinic/ n=639 | v | Appointment non-attendance | Ever no-show in the study period | Medical records | v | ||||
| Gibson, 2017, USA35 | High | Retrospective cohort study (24 months) | Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Household Component and Diabetes Care Survey/ n=3982 | v | Missed annual DM preventive care services | Not received a foot examination or a blood cholesterol check over a 2 year period | Questionnaire (Diabetes Care Survey) | v | ||||
| Heydarabadi, 2017, Iran45 | High | Qualitative | Health centers/ n=26 (pts N=12, healthcare workers n=9, family n=3) | v | Appointment attendance | Ever no-show in the past | Qualitative interview | v | v | |||
| Kurasawa, 2016, Japan37 | Medium | Retrospective cohort study (38 months) | A DM outpatient clinic/ n=879 (16,026 appointments) | v | Missed appointment | v | EMR | v | v | |||
| Low, 2016, Singapore38 | Medium | Retrospective cohort study (19–43 months) | A DM center/ N=1645 | v | Missed most recent appointment/ Lost to follow-up | v | Number of no-show divided by total number of scheduled in the study period (0%, 0%–30%,>30%) | Medical records | v | v | ||
| Chew, 2015, Malaysia33 | High | Retrospective cohort study (12 months) | National DM registry from 303 public health centers/ N=57 780 | v | Follow-up non-attendance | No-show & did not turn up at the current health facility>1 year | Medical records | v | v | |||
| Thongsai, 2015, Thailand42 | Medium | Prospective cohort study (24 weeks) | DM outpatient clinic/ N=442 | Not reported | Appointment non-attendance | v | Questionnaire | v | ||||
| Parker, 2012, CA, USA40 | High | Retrospective cohort study (12 months) | Primary care clinics from one health system/ N=12 957 | v | Poor appointment keeping rate | Number of no-show divided by total number of scheduled in 12 months (0%–33%,>33%) | EMR & parent-study survey (DISTANCE) | v | v | |||
| Bowser, 2009, VA, USA32 | Medium | Prospective cohort study (12 weeks) | A free clinic/ N=183 | Not reported | Missed appointment | v (& 24 hours cancellation) | Questionnaires (RAND-36, PHQ-9, ADDQOL, DES-SF) | v | ||||
| Simmons, 2007, New Zealand47 | High | Case-control | 27 419 household in three districts in Auckland/ N=89 (cases n=37; control n=52) | v | Defaulter | Missed three quarterly appointments (not seen in the previous 10 months) | Questionnaire | v | ||||
| Masuda, 2006, Japan39 | High | Retrospective cohort study (12 months) | A DM clinic/ N=160 | v | Dropout | Not visited the clinic>12 months since their last visit | EMR, qualitative interview | v | ||||
| Ando, 2005, Japan31 | Medium | Prospective cohort study (24 months) | Unclear/ N=50 | Not reported | Clinic attendance | Discontinued for>6 months during 2 year study period | Medical record, questionnaire (Rorschach, Yatabe-Guilford personality test) | v | ||||
| Wong, 2005, Torres Straits Island, Australia46 | Medium | Qualitative | Regional DM registry/ N=67 (11 focus groups n=37, interview n=30) | v | Missed appointment | Ever no-show in the past | Focus group; interview | v | v | |||
| Karter, 2004, CA, USA36 | High | Retrospective cohort study (12 months) | PCP clinics from one health system/ N=84 040 (DM registry) | v | Missed appointment rate | Number of no-show divided by total number of scheduled in 12 months (0%, 0%–30%,>30%) | EMR | v | v | |||
| Rosen, 2003, CT, USA41 | High | Retrospective cohort study (24 months) | A VA primary care clinic/ N=79 male | v | Missed appointment | Number of missed PCP appointment in the previous year | Questionnaire (neuropsychological test, MMSE) | v | ||||
| Khoza, 1995, UK44 | Low | Cross-sectional | A DM clinic at a rural hospital/ N=30 | v | Appointment keeping | Ever no-show in the past | Questionnaire, medical records, observation | v | v | |||
| Belgrave, 1994, DC, USA43 | Medium | Cross-sectional | A DM outpatient clinic/ N=78 African American | v | Appointment keeping patterns | Self-reported 5-point scale (always keep to never keep) | Questionnaire (measure of social support) | v | ||||
(n=7),32 35 36 40 41 43 48 Japan (n=3),31 37 39 Australia (n=1),46 Iran (n=1),45 Malaysia (n=1),33 New Zealand (n=1),47 Singapore (n=1),38 Spain (n=1),34 Thailand (n=1)42 and UK (n=1).44
ADDQOL, Aduit of Diabetes-Depedent Quality of Life; DES-SF, The Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form; DM, diabetes mellitus; EMR, electronic medical record; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; PCP, Primary Care Provider; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; RAND-36, The RAND-36 Measure of Health-Related Quality of Life; VA, Veterans Affairs.