Summary of the factors examined in each study by three categories
| Study, year | Patient characteristics | Healthcare system and provider factor | Interpersonal factor |
| Buys et al, 201948 |
Sociodemographic: age, sex, race/ethnicity Health status: hospitalized or emergency room between appointments Risk/Protective behavior: number of scheduled appointments annually Transportation: no transportation* Other social issues: change phone number constantly*; no permanent address* Others: forgetness* | System: no reminder*; unable to reach a staff via phone* | Staff: rude staff* |
| Garcia Diaz et al, 201734 |
Sociodemographic: younger†, sex Health status: high HbA1c†, insulin users†, fewer DM drugs per day†, high albuminuria†, non-hypothyroidism†, high LDL†, high TG†, T2DM duration, family history of DM, waist circumference Risk/Protective behavior: smoker†, did not attend therapeutic education session†, physical activity | ||
| Gibson, 201735 |
Sociodemographic: age, sex, race/ethnicity, education (missing data†), employment, income, reside in deprived area, insurance type, marital status Health status: DM therapy type, DM-related complications (kidney†), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, functional limitations, depression, BMI Risk/Protective behavior: smoking status Social support: family size | ||
| Heydarabadi et al, 201745 |
Sociodemographic: unemployment*, busy schedule or work-related constraints*, low income*, high healthcare cost# Health status: physical disability*, vision problem* Disease knowledge, belief or attitude: low disease knowledge*, denial of disease* Transportation: no transportation*, long distance* Social support: lack of family support* Others: hot weather*, poor road condition*, local customs (herbal medicine*, women unable to get out alone*) | System: no reminder*, long wait time*, administrative bureaucracy*, lack of resources (no medication*, lack of laboratory*, no proper incentive for healthcare workers*, no communication channels with the clinic*) | Provider: physician lack of respect*, poor communication due to language barrier of providers* |
| Kurasawa et al, 201637 |
Sociodemographic: sex%, age% Health status: HbA1c%, HDL%, LDL%, TG%, T-Cho%, comorbidities%, prescribed medications%, medication dosage and frequency per day%, total amount of medication a day% Risk/Protective behavior: frequency of clinic visits% Transportation: distance and time-distance between home and clinic% Others: weather% | System: interval between scheduling and appointment%, day of the week of the appointment% | |
| Low et al, 201638 |
Sociodemographic: younger†, male†, racial/ethnicity (minority-Indian†, Malay†) Health status: hospitalization/emergency room visit between appointments, referral sources Risk/Protective behavior: less number of scheduled appointments annually†, more missed appointment previously† | System: interval between appointment (61–90 days†), appointment month (January–June†), type of facility (public vs private) | |
| Chew et al, 201533 |
Sociodemographic: older†, male†, foreigner† Health status: high HbA1c†, more DM complications†, longer DM duration†, no hypertension†, lower blood pressure reading†, longer hypertension duration†, no hyperlipidemia†, high LDL†, lower BMI† | System: type of facility† (hospitals with specialists, hospitals without specialists, clinics with specialist, clinics without specialists) | |
| Thongsai, 201542 |
Sociodemographic: age, sex, marital status Health status: longer DM duration† Disease belief or attitude: disease cannot be controlled† Social support: family size Others: religion | ||
| Parker et al, 201240 |
Sociodemographic: younger*, sex, non-Caucasian†, less educated†, limited English proficiency†, health literacy, unemployment†, fewer assets†, income, live in a deprived area†, higher copy insurance type† Health status: younger when diagnosed with DM†, lower comorbidity score†, high LDL†, higher BP† Risk/Protective behavior: missed appointments previously†, no assigned primary care provider† Social support: social support | Provider: lower trust in physician† | |
| Bowser et al, 200932 |
Sociodemographic: age, female†, health literacy, income level Health status: depression Disease knowledge, belief or attitude: low social functioning†, lower self-efficacy† | ||
| Simmons and Clover, 200747 |
Sociodemographic: age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, employment, income, not on social benefit†, marital status Health status: HbA1c, on prescribed medication†, DM duration, no severe DM-related retinopathy†, LDL, BMI, BP Disease knowledge, belief or attitude: DM knowledge, emotional and readiness to change Transportation: transportation, distance between home and clinic Social support: social support, family size | ||
| Masuda et al, 200639 |
Sociodemographic: younger†, sex, occupation Health status: lower HbA1c†, lower fasting plasma glucose†, DM therapy type (non-medication†), DM diagnosed at other place†, DM complications Risk/Protective behavior: smoking, alcohol use Transportation: distance between home and clinic | ||
| Ando et al, 200531 |
Sociodemographic: age, sex, education, marital status Health status: DM therapy type, BMI, fasting plasma glucose Risk/Protective behavior: smoker† Others: Yatabe-Guilford test (lower general activity†, higher depression†), Rorschach (higher negative self-attitude†) | ||
| Wong et al, 200546 |
Sociodemographic: older*, work-related constraints* Transportation: no transportation* Others: forgetness* | System: no reminder*, long wait time* | |
| Karter et al, 200436 |
Sociodemographic: middle age†, sex, reside in a poverty area†, higher copay insurance type† Health status: higher HbA1c†, oral medication only†, use of insulin†, lower comorbidity score†, depression, hospitalization/emergency room visit between appointments Risk/Protective behavior: less blood glucose self-monitoring per day†, number of scheduled appointments annually | Provider: type of provider | |
| Rosen et al, 200341 |
Sociodemographic: age, sex, non-Caucasian†, education, employment Health status: DM therapy type, lower MMSE† | ||
| Khoza and Kortenbout, 199544 |
Sociodemographic: unemployment* Transportation: no transportation* Others: bad weather* | System: long wait time* | |
| Belgrave and Lewis, 199443 | Social support: less social support† |
*Qualitative report; %included in the development of a predictive model.
†Statistically significant (p<0.05).
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; T-Cho, total cholesterol; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TG, triglyceride.