Characteristics of study populations (excluding baseline diabetes)
| Variables | South Asians (n=6676) | Pima Indians (n=1852) |
| Age, years | 33.0 (28.0, 39.0) | 27.4 (22.3, 34.2) |
| Age categories (%) | ||
| 20–24 | 13.3 | 39.3 |
| 25–34 | 40.6 | 38.6 |
| 35–44 | 46.1 | 22.2 |
| Men (%) | 43.8 | 38.5 |
| Current smoker (%) | 11.3 | 33.3 |
| Current drinker (%) | 13.8 | 75.2 |
| Family (parental) history of diabetes (%) | 28.7 | 69.3 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.4 (21.1, 27.8) | 33.8 (29.4, 39.0) |
| BMI categories, kg/m2 (%) | ||
| <25.0 | 54.3 | 7.9 |
| 25.0–30.0 | 31.8 | 19.9 |
| ≥30 | 13.9 | 72.2 |
| Waist, cm | 82.5 (74.0, 91.0) | 107 (96, 119) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 37 (33, 40) | 34 (31, 38) |
| HbA1c, % | 5.5 (5.2, 5.8) | 5.3 (5.0, 5.6) |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.1 (4.77, 5.44) | 5.1 (4.77, 5.44) |
| Trigly, mmol/L | 1.22 (0.88, 1.73) | 1.30 (0.92, 1.39) |
| LDLc, mmol/L | 2.64 (2.18, 3.16) | 2.66 (2.55, 3.19) |
| HDLc, mmol/L | 1.09 (0.93, 1.27) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.29) |
| SBP, mm Hg | 114.0 (105.0, 123.5) | 116 (108, 126) |
| DBP, mm Hg | 77.5 (71.5, 84.5) | 70 (62, 76) |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L | 53.5 (36.1, 76.4) | 132.0 (76.4, 222.2) |
| HOMA-IR, µIU/mL* mmol/L | 1.8 (1.1, 2.6) | 4.3 (2.5, 7.7) |
| HOMA-B, µIU/mL/mmol/L | 91.7 (63.4, 133.2) | 243 (135.4, 394.7) |
Data are presented as median (IQR: p25, p75) or %; HbA1c glycated hemoglobin.
Diabetes defined as FPG≥ 7.00 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) or HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol (6.5 %) or self-reported/physician diagnosed diabetes or medication.
*Insulin in CARRS only in Delhi and Chennai samples (n=3900).
BMI, body mass index; CARRS, Center for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia Study; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Family history, diabetes mellitus in father or mother; FPG, fasting blood glucose; HDLc, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell dysfunction; HOMA-B, (20×insulin)/(glucose − 3.5) or (20*I0(µIU/mL)/G0 (mmol/L) − 3.5); HOMA-IR, fasting insulin (µU/L) × fasting glucose (nmol/L)/22.5 or (I0(µIU/mL) * G0 (mmol/L)/22.5); HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of Insulin resistance; LDLc, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; Trigly, triglycerides.