Factors associated with diabetes incidence by ethnicity, Cox proportional hazards analysis
| Variables | South Asians | US blacks | US whites |
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| Age | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.18) | 1.05 (0.77 to 1.43) | 1.03 (0.82 to 1.30) |
| Age square | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) |
| Sex (men) | 0.89 (0.66 to 1.19) | 1.00 (0.83 to 1.20) | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.11) |
| BMI (per unit) | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.08) | 1.04 (1.02 to 1.05) | 1.06 (1.04 to 1.07) |
| Family (parental) history of diabetes (yes) | 1.23 (0.86 to 1.75) | 1.37 (1.14 to 1.65) | 1.53 (1.35 to 1.75) |
| Log HOMA-IR (per SD) | 2.67 (2.05 to 3.48) | 14.55 (11.11 to 19.07) | 34.64 (27.63 to 43.42) |
| Log HOMA-B (per SD) | 0.44 (0.34 to 0.58) | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.11) | 0.05 (0.04 to 0.06) |
Diabetes defined as FPG ≥7.00 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) or HbA1c ≥48 mmol/mol (6.5%) or self-reported/physician-diagnosed diabetes or medication.
BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell dysfunction; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HR, hazard ratio.