Baseline characteristics of subjects participating in the study
| Variables | All subjects n=159 | FBA group n=51 | CC group n=53 | RC group n=55 | P value |
| Age, years | 48.6 (12.0) | 47.7 (11.5) | 49.1 (11.9) | 48.9 (12.6) | 0.814 |
| Sex | |||||
| Females, n (%) | 92 (57.9) | 27 (52.9) | 31 (58.5) | 34 (61.8) | 0.648 |
| Males, n (%) | 67 (42.1) | 24 (47.1) | 22 (41.5) | 21 (38.2) | |
| Weight, kg | 78.9 (14.0) | 79.7 (14.5) | 77.8 (13.0) | 79.3 (14.7) | 0.246 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.4 (3.5) | 26.2 (3.4) | 26.3 (3.5) | 26.8 (3.8) | 0.606 |
| HbA1c NGSP % | 8.0 (0.7) | 8.1 (0.7) | 7.9 (0.7) | 8.0 (0.7) | 0.543 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 63.9 (7.9) | 64.8 (9.0) | 63.1 (8.0) | 63.7 (6.7) | 0.543 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.7 (0.9) | 4.8 (1.0) | 4.7 (0.8) | 4.7 (0.9) | 0.752 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 182.8 (34.8) | 185.6 (38.7) | 182.8 (30.9) | 182.8 (34.8) | 0.752 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.4) | 0.226 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 65.7 (19.4) | 65.7 (19.4) | 65.7 (19.4) | 61.9 (15.5) | 0.226 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.7 (0.7) | 2.9 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.6) | 2.7 (0.8) | 0.121 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 104.4 (27.1) | 112.1 (27.1) | 100.5 (23.2) | 104.4 (30.9) | 0.121 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.1 (0.7) | 1.1 (0.6) | 1.0 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.9) | 0.815 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 97.4 (62.0) | 97.4 (53.1) | 88.6 (44.3) | 97.4 (79.7) | 0.815 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 127.4 (13.4) | 128.6 (13.1) | 128.9 (13.7) | 124.7 (13.0) | 0.192 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 74.6 (9.3) | 74.0 (8.1) | 75.3 (10.1) | 74.3 (9.6) | 0.773 |
| Albumin/creatinine ratio, mg/mmol | 1.8 (5.4) | 2.4 (8.0) | 1.2 (2.7) | 1.7 (4.1) | 0.508 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 22.3 (11.6) | 24.1 (11.2) | 20.8 (11.6) | 22.0 (12.0) | 0.345 |
| Insulin regimen: | |||||
| Injection, n (%) | 94 (59.1) | 30 (58,8) | 33 (62.3) | 31 (56.4) | 0.822 |
| Pump, n (%) | 65 (40.9) | 21 (41.2) | 20 (37.7) | 24 (43.6) | |
| Insulin dose, IU/kg body weight | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.115 |
| Lipid lowering medication, n (%) | 78 (49.1) | 18 (35.3) | 30 (56.6) | 30 (54.5) | 0.057 |
| Antihypertensive medication, n (%) | 9 (5.7) | 4 (7.8) | 4 (7.5) | 1 (1.8) | 0.312 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 13 (8.2) | 5 (9.8) | 6 (11.3) | 2 (3.6) | 0.303 |
| Snuff, n (%) | 19 (11.9) | 4 (7.8) | 11 (20.8) | 4 (7.3) | 0.053 |
| Other nicotine products, n (%) | 3 (1.9) | 1 (2.3) | 2 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.380 |
Data shown as means (SD) unless otherwise stated.
BMI, body mass index; CC, carbohydrate counting; FBA, food-based advice; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program; RC, routine care.