Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants
| Baseline | Type 2 diabetes (n=23) | Controls (n=23) | P value |
| Age (years) | 64±8 | 60±10 | <0.0001 |
| Sex (M/F) | 13/10 | 9/14 | 0.25 |
| Weight (kg) | 90.9±11.1 | 79.5±8.8 | <0.0001 |
| Height (cm) | 167±14 | 169±5 | 0.64 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32±4 | 28±3 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 132±8 | 122±8 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 81±7 | 75±6 | 0.003 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 4.5±2.2 | N/A | |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.6±0.4 | 4.9±0.1 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 51.2±11.4 | 37.2±2.2 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.8±1.0 | 5.6±0.2 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.2±1.0 | 4.8±0.77 | 0.014 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.7±0.7 | 1.3±0.6 | 0.055 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.1±0.3 | 1.5±0.4 | 0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.3±0.8 | 2.7±0.1 | 0.051 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 3.0±2.7 | 5.1±10.3 | 0.33 |
| Insulin (IU/mL) | 13.7±7.6 | 21.6±44.2 | 0.41 |
| HOMA-IR | 4.8±3.8 | 4.8±9.6 | 0.99 |
Data are presented as mean±SD.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CRP, C reactive protein; HDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance; LDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.